ABSTRACT
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. It is a heterogeneous condition characterized by reproductive, endocrine, metabolic, and psychiatric abnormalities. More than one pathogenic mechanism is involved in its development. On the other hand, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in many important functions of the body, including weight balance, food intake, and reproduction. A high-fat diet with a large amount of long-chain saturated fatty acids can induce inflammation in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurons can sense extracellular glucose concentrations and participate, with a feedback mechanism, in the regulation of whole-body glucose homeostasis. When consumed nutrients are rich in fat and sugar, and these regulatory mechanisms can trigger inflammatory pathways resulting in hypothalamic inflammation. The latter has been correlated with metabolic diseases, obesity, and depression. In this review, we explore whether the pattern and the expansion of hypothalamic inflammation, as a result of a high-fat and -sugar diet, may contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical, hormonal, and metabolic presentation in PCOS via pathophysiologic mechanisms affecting specific areas of the hypothalamus. These mechanisms could be potential targets for the development of effective therapies for the treatment of PCOS.
Subject(s)
Hypothalamus/physiopathology , Limbic Encephalitis/physiopathology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/physiopathology , Animals , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Endocrine System Diseases/etiology , Fatty Acids/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/adverse effects , Feedback, Physiological , Feeding and Eating Disorders/complications , Female , Glucose/adverse effects , Glucose/metabolism , Humans , Hyperuricemia/complications , Hypothalamus/anatomy & histology , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Limbic Encephalitis/etiology , Limbic Encephalitis/metabolism , Mental Disorders/etiology , Metabolic Diseases/etiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/etiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/metabolism , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/therapy , Rats , Stress, Physiological/physiologyABSTRACT
LCNC (large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas) of the ovary is a rare aggressive tumor entity of the genital tract. Its pathogenesis, origin, and prognosis have not been fully elucidated, since there are a limited number of cases reported in literature. We report a case of an 80-year-old patient, who presented with a growing abdominal mass, which turned out to be a mixed LCNC/epithelial neoplasm. Although this type of tumor is rare, the continuous development of pathologoanatomy and immunohistochemistry contributes to our better knowledge and comprehension of these neoplasms.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to compare demographic, hormonal and clinical parameters in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and women with early menopause in Greece. One hundred thirty-nine women of Greek origin, aged 14-45 years, referring for oligomenorrhea and having elevated FSH concentrations were divided into three groups regarding the age of menstrual disturbances onset [POI1:
