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1.
Arch. bronconeumol. (Ed. impr.) ; 46(9): 455-458, sept. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-85869

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El tabaquismo constituye un grave problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. Los modelos animales actúan como un paso intermedio entre los estudios de laboratorio y los estudios en seres humanos. Los modelos aplicados son difíciles de reproducir debido al uso de diferentes tipos de cámaras inhaladoras y principalmente por la falta de una monitorización constante de la concentración del humo del tabaco.ObjetivoDesarrollar una cámara inhaladora para ratas (con la exposición exclusiva del hocico) en la que pueda mantenerse y monitorizarse constantemente la cantidad de monóxido de carbono (CO).Material y métodosSe expusieron ratas Wistar macho, de 250g de peso, a 50 partes por millón de CO producido por el humo del tabaco de un cigarrillo sin filtro. Los animales se sometieron a una exposición de 2h y, acto seguido, fueron sacrificados a las 0, a las 4, a las 24 y a las 48h. El grupo de control se dejó libre dentro de pequeñas cámaras perpendiculares y solo recibió 5l/min de aire comprimido.ResultadosEl modelo fue capaz de aumentar la concentración de carboxihemoglobina inmediatamente después del término de la exposición (p<0,001), observándose una disminución desde las 2h en adelante comparado con la concentración del grupo de control. La concentración plasmática de cotinina aumentó inmediatamente después de la exposición y todavía se detectó a las 2 y a las 4h (p<0,05).ConclusiónConcluimos que este sistema de cámara inhaladora puede mantener una concentración controlada de CO en un modelo en el que se expone a pequeños animales a la inhalación de humo de cigarrillos, lo que permite estudios adecuadamente controlados, al igual que investigaciones sobre otros gases tóxicos y contaminantes ambientales(AU)


Introduction: Smoking is a serious worldwide public health problem. Animal models act as a bridge between laboratory and human studies. The models applied are difficult to reproduce because of the use of different types of inhalation chambers and mainly because of the lack of continuous monitoring of smoke concentration.ObjectiveTo develop an inhalation chamber for rats (with only the nose exposed) in which the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) can be maintained and monitored constantly.Material and methodsMale Wistar rats weighing 250g were exposed to 50ppm CO produced by the smoke from a filter-free cigarette. The animals were submitted to a single 2-h exposure and then sacrificed at 0, 4, 24 and 48h. The control group was left restrained inside the small perpendicular chambers, receiving only 5L/min of compressed air.ResultsThe model was able to increase HbCO levels immediately after the end of exposure (p<0.001), with a decrease being observed from 2h onwards when compared to the levels of the control group. Plasma cotinine increased immediately after exposure, and showed still detectable levels at 2 and 4h (p<0.05).ConclusionWe conclude that the presented inhalation chamber system is able to maintain a controlled CO concentration in a model in which small animals are exposed to the inhalation of cigarette smoke, permitting well-controlled studies, as well as investigations involving other toxic gases and air pollutants(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Nicotiana , Nicotiana/metabolism , Nicotiana/toxicity , Carbon Monoxide/adverse effects , Carbon Monoxide/metabolism , Carbon Monoxide/toxicity , Carboxyhemoglobin/analysis , Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism , Carboxyhemoglobin/toxicity
2.
Arch Bronconeumol ; 46(9): 455-8, 2010 Sep.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20624668

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Smoking is a serious worldwide public health problem. Animal models act as a bridge between laboratory and human studies. The models applied are difficult to reproduce because of the use of different types of inhalation chambers and mainly because of the lack of continuous monitoring of smoke concentration. OBJECTIVE: To develop an inhalation chamber for rats (with only the nose exposed) in which the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) can be maintained and monitored constantly. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 250g were exposed to 50ppm CO produced by the smoke from a filter-free cigarette. The animals were submitted to a single 2-h exposure and then sacrificed at 0, 4, 24 and 48h. The control group was left restrained inside the small perpendicular chambers, receiving only 5L/min of compressed air. RESULTS: The model was able to increase HbCO levels immediately after the end of exposure (p<0.001), with a decrease being observed from 2h onwards when compared to the levels of the control group. Plasma cotinine increased immediately after exposure, and showed still detectable levels at 2 and 4h (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the presented inhalation chamber system is able to maintain a controlled CO concentration in a model in which small animals are exposed to the inhalation of cigarette smoke, permitting well-controlled studies, as well as investigations involving other toxic gases and air pollutants.


Subject(s)
Atmosphere Exposure Chambers , Disease Models, Animal , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Animals , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
3.
Anesth Analg ; 94(3): 741-8, 2002 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11867409

ABSTRACT

Morbid obesity has a profound effect on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. However, most studies were performed in morbidly obese patients before or after anesthesia. We tested the hypothesis that anesthesia and abdominal opening could modify the elastic and resistive properties of the respiratory system. Eleven morbidly obese and eight normal-weight patients scheduled for gastric binding and cancer treatment, respectively, under laparotomy were studied. Respiratory mechanics, partitioned into its lung and chest wall components, were investigated during surgery by means of the end-inspiratory inflation occlusion method and esophageal balloon at five time points. Static respiratory and lung compliance were markedly reduced in obese patients; on the contrary, static compliance of chest wall presented comparable values in both groups. Obese patients also presented higher resistances of the total respiratory system, lung and chest wall, as well as "additional" lung resistance. Mainly in obese patients, laparotomy provoked a significant increase in lung compliance and decrease in "additional" lung resistance 1 h after the peritoneum was opened, which returned to original values after the peritoneum had been closed (P < 0.005). In obese patients, low respiratory compliance and higher airway resistance were mainly determined by the lung component.


Subject(s)
Abdomen/surgery , Anesthesia, General , Obesity, Morbid/physiopathology , Respiratory Mechanics , Adult , Aged , Airway Resistance , Female , Humans , Lung Compliance , Middle Aged , Thorax/physiology
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 74(4): 275-83, jul.-ago. 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-234916

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Estudar a incidência e a magnitude da auto-PEEP e a relaçäo entre a sua reduçäo e as alteraçöes ocorridas na mecânica respiratória e nas trocas gasosas, em recém-nascidos e lactentes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e submetidos a ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica. Métodos: Foram estudados inicialmente dezessete pacientes com idade abaixo de dois anos, submetidos a ventilaçäo pulmonar mecânica devido a doenças respiratórias ou neuromusculares. Treze apresentaram auto-PEEP e foram selecionados para estudo prospectivo. Foram medidos gases arteriais, pressäo média de via aérea, volume corrente, complacência, resistência e constantes de tempo do sistema respiratório e monitorizadas as curvas de pressäo, fluxo, volume, pressäo-volume e fluxo-volume. Resultados: A incidência de auto-PEEP foi 76 por cento. A reduçäo da sua magnitude (de 5,4 ñ 3,2 para 4,1 ñ 2,6 cmH2O, p,0,01) esteve associada à diminuiçäo da pressäo média de via aérea (de 10,2 ñ 3,1 para 9,3 ñ 2,3 cmH2O,p<0,01), ao aumento do volume corrente (de 45,3 ñ 19,1 para 51,3 ñ 22,9 mililitros, p<0,01) e da complacência corrigida do sistema respiratório (de 1,02 ñ 1,20 para 1,13 ñ 1,41 ml/cmH2O/kg, p=0,05). A resistência expiratória näo teve alteraçäo (inicial de 15,0 ñ 8,6 e final de 15,7 ñ 9,4 cmH2O/l/seg/kg, p=0,06). A avaliaçäo gasométrica evidenciou aumento do pH (de 7,37 ñ 0,12 para 7,42 ñ 0,05, p<0,01) e da PaO2 (de 65,0 ñ 13,9 para 58,0 ñ 12,6 mmHg, p<0,01)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Positive-Pressure Respiration , Positive-Pressure Respiration, Intrinsic/epidemiology , Respiration, Artificial , Respiratory Function Tests , Intensive Care Units
5.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 10(2): 96-100, abr.-jun. 1998. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-223576

ABSTRACT

A utilizaçao da mistura de gás na qual o nitrogênio é substituído pelo hélio representa uma nova terapêutica no tratamento de pacientes com patologias que apresentam aumento da resistência de vias aéreas. Uma mistura de 80 por cento de hélio e 20 por cento de oxigênio tem propriedades físicas que aumentam o fluxo de ar e diminuem a resistência na via aérea quando utilizada como uma fraçao do gás inspirado. Nesse artigo de revisao nós discutimos a utilizaçao do heliox em crianças com várias alteraçoes respiratórias (obstruçao de vias aéreas superiores, síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, asma aguda, fibrose cística e nos pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca). Concluímos que o heliox representa no momento uma terapêutica adicional benéfica em relaçao a terapêutica convencional nas crianças criticamente enfermas com falência respiratória do tipo obstrutivo, podendo evitar a utilizaçao de ventilaçao pulmonar mecânica e portanto diminuindo a morbidade. Entretanto, sao necessárias maiores investigaçoes com utilizaçao de heliox nos pacientes pediátricos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Helium/therapeutic use , Lung Diseases/therapy , Oxygen/therapeutic use , Helium/administration & dosage , Oxygen/administration & dosage
8.
São Paulo; Atheneu; 1997. 233 p. graf, ilus.(International Symposium Mechanical Ventilation).
Monography in Portuguese | Sec. Munic. Saúde SP, AHM-Acervo, TATUAPE-Acervo | ID: sms-7576
10.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 69(6): 380-4, nov.-dez. 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-148244

ABSTRACT

A canula endotraqueal apresenta um diametro interno menordo que a glote do paciente, causando um aumento significativo na resistencia da via aerea. Quanto menor o tubo, maior a resistencia. A diferenca na pressao entre as duas extremidades da canula endotraqueal e proporcional ao fluxo e a resistencia, resultando em diferencas significativas entre a pressao maxima de via aerea e a pressao alveolar, durante a fase inspiratoria, e entre a pressao alveolare a pressao expiratoria, durante a fase expiratoria. O objetivo desta investigacao foi estudar experimentalmente a resistencia ao fluxo aereo em canulas endotraqueais utilizadas habitualmente para entubacao em pediatria. Observaram-se amplos gradientes de pressao entre as extremidades proximal e distal das canulas, a medida que foi aumentando o fluxo de gas. As diferencas foram maiores nas canulasde menor diametro. Concluiu-se que as canulas endotraqueais contribuem significativamente para a resistencia total ao fluxo aereo


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Respiratory Mechanics/physiology , Respiration, Artificial/instrumentation , Respiratory System/abnormalities
11.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 57(5): 385-388, nov. 1991. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-107783

ABSTRACT

Objetivo - Estudar o anel aórtico humano e verificar a possibilidade de reproduzí-lo artificialmente. Métodos - A configuração anatômica de seis valvas aórticas normais foi estudada através de injeção de borracha de silicone na aorta ascendente, obtendo-se moldes rigidos do aparelho valvar aórtico. A partir desses moldes, obtiveram-se modelos de epoxi correspondentes ao anel valvar aórtico. Foram considerados os seguintes parâmetros: diâmetro da base (Db), diâmetro das comissuras (Dc), altura (h) e a relação Db/Dc e Db/h. Foram determinados a média e o desvio padrão dos valores obtidos. Resultados - A análise dos moldes indica que o anel valvar aórtico deriva de uma esfera. As medidas obtidas foram: Db = 22 ± 1,67 mm Dc = 19,67 ± 1,3 mm; h = 16,00 ± 1,09 mm; Db/ Dc = 1,12 ± 0,04 e Db/h = 1,38 ± 0,10. Conclusão - A partir destas figuras foi possível definir a configuração esférica ou semi-esférica do anel valvar aórtico e reproduzir sua configuração na confecção da biopr


Purpose - To study the normal human aortic valvular ring, and to evaluate the possibility of reproducing its shape artificially. Methods - The anatomical configuration of six normal aortic valves was studied through the injection of silicone rubber in the ascending aorta. From the resulting casts, epoxi models corresponding to the aortic annulus were obtained. The following parameters were determined: diameter of the base (Db), diameter of the commissures (Dc), height (h) and the Db/Dc and Db/h relationships. The mean value (x) and the standard deviation (SD) of each parameter were studied. Results - The observation of the casts indicate that the aortic valvular ring derives from a sphere. The measures obtained were: Db = 22 ± 1.67 mm; Dc = X 19.67 ± 1.3 mm; h = 16.00 ±1.09 mm; Db/Dc = X = 1.12 ± 0.04 and Db/h =1.38 ± 0.10. Starting from these figures it was possible to define the spheric configuration of the aortic valvular ring, as well as to reproduce it artificially. Conclusions - The aortic valvular ring has a configuration derived from a sphere or hemi-sphere. The parameters obtained from the above program, it was possible to reproduce theconfiguration of the aortic valvular ring and to use it for a bioprothesis


Subject(s)
Humans , Heart Valve Prosthesis/standards , Bioprosthesis/standards , Models, Anatomic , Aortic Valve/anatomy & histology
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