Mechanisms and models of movement of protocells and bacteria in the early stages of evolution.

A review of the physicochemical models of the movement of protocells and bacteria was performed. The mechanisms of gliding and movement based on flagella are considered. Based on the models, the average speed of movement of protocells and bacteria was calculated. A physicochemical model of bacterial gliding was constructed. The efficiency of the process of converting the energy of ATP into the energy of motion is estimated. A review of models of movement with the help of flagella was performed. A model has been constructed for converting ATP energy into proton and sodium motive forces, which, in turn, are converted into energy of rotor rotation. The problem of the accuracy of operation of nanomachines, on the basis of which the directed movement of bacteria occurs, is discussed. The considered models can be applied to create nanomotors for medical purposes.

[Activity of enzymatic antioxidant system in the rat tissues under conditions of over- and restricted nutrition].

The state of enzymatic antioxidant system and thyroid status in the rat tissues under early postnatal overnutrition leading to shortening of life-span and calorie-restricted diet extending lifespan have been studied. It was found that the concentration of thyroxine, body weight and content of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood serum and liver post-mitochondrial fraction of rats had been reliably increased. At the same time the concentration of GSH and GSSG, superoxide dismutase, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GP) activities in the liver and GP activity in the blood serum of experimental rats were reduced. The use of calorie-restricted diet for 2 months showed considerable decrease of thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentration, body weight and the content of lipid hydroperoxides in the blood serum of experimental rats compared with control. At the same time GP activity in the liver, Se-dependent GP activity and content of ceruloplasmin in blood of experimental rats were essentially enhanced. The obtained results allow to conclude that from all studied indices the activity of GSH-dependent antioxidant system (especially Se-dependent GP activity) and thyroid status revealed the most sensible changes in response to the used kind of nutrition. Unlike hypocaloric diet overnutrition results in a decrease of Se-dependent GP activity in the liver and blood of rats. That may be the most crucial moment in the maintenance of prooxidant-antioxidant balance of tissues.

[Effect of biologically active substances of animal and plant origin on prooxidant-antioxidant balance in rats with experimental prostatic hyperplasia].

The effect of biologically active complexes of animal (prostatilen) and plant (permixon) origin on physiological indices of prostate and prooxidant-antioxidant balance in prostate and blood was studied in rats with the hyperprolactinemia-induced prostatic hyperplasia. It was shown that both prostatilen (1 mg of the total peptides per kg) and permixon (100 mg of Serenoa repens extract per kg) prevent increase in the prostate mass and volume, in the content of lipid hydroperoxides, and in the glutathione peroxidase activity in prostate. Prostatilen, in contrast to permixon, normalized the content of lipid hydroperoxides (increased under hyperplazia conditions) and increases glutathione peroxidase activity (reduced under hyperplazia conditions).

Prooxidant-antioxidant balance in the prostate and blood of rats with sulpyride[corrected]-induced prostatic hyperplasia corrected with prostatilen.

We studied the effects of 30-day injections of sulpyride and treatment with Prostatilen on the development of prostatic hyperplasia and LPO in rats. Sulpyride induced proliferation of lateral lobes, increased the content of lipid hydroperoxides and glutathione peroxidase activity in the gland; in the blood this preparation increased lipid hydroperoxide concentration and decreased glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant activity. Prostatilen prevented the development of hyperplasia and normalized the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in tissues, except total antioxidant activity of the blood.

[Bioelectrical activity of the brain in parents of schizophrenics]. / Bioélektricheskaia aktivnost' golovnogo mozga u roditelei bol'nykh shizofreniei.

The peculiarities of brain electric activity in mentally normal parents of schizophrenics (52 subjects) as compared to the control group of mentally normal subjects without family history of manifest psychosis (22 subjects). In both groups, EEG spectral densities and auditory evoked potentials (AEP) characteristics were compared. The parents of schizophrenics appeared to differ from controls by decrease of N1 amplitude and prolongation of N2, P3 which was similar to that observed in patients with schizophrenia. The findings are discussed as evidence of heritability of deviations in cognitive processes.

[Psychological mechanisms of communication disorders in schizophrenics and their relatives]. / Psikhologicheskie mekhanizmy narushenii obshcheniia u bol'nykh shizofreniei i ikh rodstvennikov.

The study aimed at searching for mechanisms of communicative impairments in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. To evaluate a contribution of attention and memory to communication efficacy and to ability for understanding mental states of others, 100 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis, 150 their healthy relatives and 145 controls have been studied. The results confirmed a presence of communicative deviations in the patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. In these groups, communication deficit was determined by disturbance of 1 out of 4 communication principles--the principle of information quantity. Attention and memory did not exert any significant influence on communication efficacy in the patients and their relatives. Distinct deterioration of fulfilling the tasks demanding mentalizing ability was found only in the patients. However, no correlation was revealed between this deterioration and communication peculiarities.

[Auditory evoked potentials in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorders]. / Slukhovye vyzvannye potentsialy u bol'nykh shizofreniei i affektivnymi rasstroistvami.

Eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 18 patients with affective disorders (depression) underwent regisTration of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) recording in oddball paradigm. All the patients were in remission. In both groups of the patients, the N100 ERPs amplitudes to non-target stimuli were significantly smaller and N200 and P300 latencies were longer than in 18 normals. In the patient's group with affective disorders, prolongation of P200 and N100 ERPs latencies to target stimuli has been found. The group of patients with schizophrenia was characterized by P300 amplitude reduction. The results show stimuli processing decrease in patients with affective disorders, while in patients with schizophrenia a cognitive function disturbance was recorded.

[Personality disorders diagnosed psychometrically in relatives of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders]. / Psikhometricheski vyiavliaemye anomalii lichnosti u rodstvennikov bol'nykh shizofreniei i shizoaffektivnymi rasstroistsvami.

By means of MMPI test 287 healthy relatives of 159 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were examined. Anomalies of personality were found in 44% of 287 relatives examined, that did not differ significantly from the same index (36% of 179) in the control group of healthy individuals without any family history of mental diseases. A cluster analysis has revealed that anomalies of personality in the patients relatives can be divided into the next types: schizoid (15%), sociopathic (7%), masculine, superrational (5%) and neurotic (16%). In most of schizoid relatives anomalies of personality were reflected by the 2-7-8 profile of personality that differed them from schizoid personalities in control group. On the basis of both the results obtained and literature data it was suggested that together with the schizoid relatives, the relatives with sociopathic features should be included in the schizophrenic risk group, while anomalies of personality of both neurotic and superrational types were the reactions to the stress in families of the patients with schizophrenia.

Effect of transplantation of human fetal tissues on prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in the liver and blood rats after partial hepatectomy in rats.

We studied the effect of transplantation of fetal liver cells and postnuclear cytoplasmic fraction from human fetal soft tissues on the prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in the liver and blood of rats after partial hepatectomy. The preparations increased antioxidant activity and decreased the intensity of lipid peroxidation, which probably contributes to their therapeutic effects.

[Cerebrolysin and magnesium-B6 in the treatment of side effects of psychotropic drugs]. / Tserebrolizin i magne B6 v terapii pobochnykh éffektov psikhotropnykh sredstv.

51 patients were observed. Schizophrenia was diagnosed in 31 patients and endogenous depression in 20 cases. All the patients had extrapyramidal and somato-vegetative side effects of neuroleptics and antidepressive drugs, and were resistant to conventional corrective therapy for at least a period of 3 weeks. In addition to current treatment of both basic disease and adverse effects, cerebrolysin was administered (5-10 ml i.v./dr, during 28 days) and magme B6 (20-30 ml per os during 21 days). By the treatment end-point either moderate or marked reduction of extrapyramidal disorders (according to ESRS) was observed in 74.4% of patients treated by cerebrolysin and in 72.2% treated by magne B6; somato-vegetative adverse effects reduced (by SARS) in 85.8% and in 83.8% respectively. Both drugs showed equally high efficacy against hyperkinetic and cardiovascular side effects (symptoms relief was in 59-62% and 65-69%, respectively). Cerebrolysin is more preferable in cases of side vegetative events, dysomnia and dysuria; magne B6 was more effective in correction of akineto-hypertonic and hyperkinetic-hypertonic syndromes as well as in cholinolytic side effects.

[A clinico-biological study of the thrombocyte serotonin-transport complex in therapeutically resistant patients with endogenous depression undergoing combined treatment]. / Kliniko-biologicheskoe issledovanie serotonintransportnogo kompleksa trombotsitov u terapevticheski rezistentnykh bol'nykh éndogennoi depressiei pri kompleksnom lechenii.

The platelet parameters of the functional status of the serotonin-reuptake complex were studied in drug-resistant depressive patients given various regimens of complex therapy or selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (fluvoxamine and fluoxetine). The most persistent and marked clinical effect was seen in electroconvulsive therapy and it was due to the normalization of the serotonin-reuptake system.

[Thrombocytic serotoninergic markers in therapy-resistant patients with endogenous depression undergoing alpha-tocopherol treatment]. / Trombotsitarnye serotoninergicheskie markery u rezistentnykh k terapii bol'nykh éndogennymi depressiiami pri lechenii al'fa-tokoferolom.

The main platelet serotoninergic parameters (maximal velosity of 3H-serotonin uptake, Vmax and density of 3H-imipramine binding sites, Bmax) were measured in 17 therapy-resistant endogenously depressed patients before and after combined treatment (antidepressants and alpha-tocopherol). It was found a significant decrease of Vmax-, Vmax/Bmax- values and the increase of Bmax- values in patients before treatment. A beneficial effect of the combined therapy was found in 47% of patients. However, it was not followed by the changes of main platelet serotoninergic parameters in patients after treatment in spite of the obtained clinical improvement. There were not also observed the significant differences of measured biochemical parameters between responders and non-responders. These findings suggest that the beneficial clinical effect of the combined antidepressive therapy with alpha-tocopherol does not involve serotoninergic mechanisms.

[The effect of dalargin on the opioid and immune systems in patients with a depressive syndrome]. / Vliianie dalargina na opioidnuiu i immunnuiu sistemy bol'nykh s depressivnym sindromom.

Depressed patients and healthy donors received dalargin. As shown by the radioreceptor test, the patients recovered normal quantitative and qualitative values of plasma opioid activity due to this drug which is a synthetic agonist of sigma-type opioid receptors. Lymphocyte proliferative activity (spontaneous and induced by polyclonal mitogens) was not significantly different in the test subjects versus the donors, though in vitro studies revealed multidirectional homeostatic effects of dalargin. It is shown that depressions are associated with defective relationships between functions of the immune and opioid system. Dalargin proved uneffective in the treatment of endogenic psychotic depressions, whereas in reactive neurotic depressions and psychosomatic abnormalities the drug is promising and needs further investigations.

[Clinical characteristics and typological classification of endogenous depression resistant to treatment]. / Klinicheskie osobennosti i tipologicheskoe delenie rezistentnykh k terapii éndogennykh depressii.

Overall 47 patients suffering from treatment-resistant endogenous depressions were examined. In accordance with psychopathological manifestations, structure and dynamics of the given conditions, typological differentiation was performed. Three main variants, designated as reactive neurotic, endomorphous vital and heteronomic, were described. Differences were shown between resistant and curable endogenous depressions in terms of some clinical, psychopathological and structural signs. A varying character of treatment response under conditions of routine treatment by antidepressants combined with antioxidants is discussed in different clinical varieties of treatment-resistant endogenous depressions.

[An actinometric method for comparing the parameters of equipment for the ultraviolet irradiation of the blood]. / Metod aktinometrii dlia sravneniia parametrov apparatov ul'trafioletovogo oblucheniia krovi.

Actinometry of devices for ultraviolet irradiation of blood for the first time. Water solutions of diazonium salts as sensitive materials are used. Outlooks for optimization of above devices are discussed.