ABSTRACT
In connection with actuality of smallpox vaccination at present its methods and means are discussed to increase the safety of the first immunization with live vaccines.
Subject(s)
Bioterrorism , Immunization Programs/standards , Smallpox Vaccine , Smallpox/prevention & control , Vaccination/standards , Vaccinia/prevention & control , Humans , Smallpox/virology , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Vaccinia/etiologyABSTRACT
The use of immunomodulators in the treatment of subjects with postvaccinal reactions to TEOVac was investigated. The most effective schemes were shown to be those with the use of viferon or combination of arbidol and licopide. The terms of the response signs cupping off were much shorter vs. the cases treated with polyoxidonium. The immunomodulating factors did not affect the intensity of the immunity to the vaccine virus.
Subject(s)
Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/analogs & derivatives , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Interferon-alpha/pharmacology , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Tonsillitis , Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine/pharmacology , Drug Therapy, Combination , Humans , Immunization/adverse effects , Interferon alpha-2 , Piperazines/pharmacology , Polymers/pharmacology , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Tonsillitis/drug therapy , Tonsillitis/etiology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
The experiments on guinea pigs showed that arbidol administered orally in a single dose 24 hours prior vaccination with TEOVAC and ridostin administered in a single dose intranasally on the 4th day after the vaccination lowered the vaccine virus accumulation in the animal organs and tissue without any effect on the vaccine immunogeneity. The results are someway indicative of the possible use of the interferon inductors for prevention of postvaccinal reactions to TEOVAC.
Subject(s)
Indoles/administration & dosage , Interferon Inducers/administration & dosage , RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage , RNA, Fungal/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Vaccination/adverse effects , Administration, Intranasal , Administration, Oral , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Administration Schedule , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Indoles/immunology , Smallpox Vaccine/administration & dosage , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Clinical trials of tabletted pox vaccine revealed development of tonsillitis as a postvaccinal reaction in some volunteers: ulceronecrotic lesions in the tonsils, lymphadenitis, hyperthermia and asthenia. The main cause of the local inflammatory reactions was activation of the host opportunistic microflora including hemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. For the treatment of the infectious complications systemic antimicrobials, such as benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) in combination with the symptomatic therapy were used. The treatment course of 9 days provided complete elimination of the postvaccinal reactions, the specific antibody generation being not affected.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Tonsillitis/drug therapy , Ulcer/drug therapy , Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Humans , Necrosis/drug therapy , Necrosis/etiology , Palatine Tonsil/drug effects , Palatine Tonsil/pathology , Smallpox Vaccine/immunology , Tonsillitis/etiology , Tonsillitis/pathology , Ulcer/etiology , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
AIM: Efficacy of modern fluoroquinolones for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders was studied. In experiments on laboratory animals in vivo, it was shown that sparfloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were highly effective for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of glanders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Golden hamsters of both sexes, with weight 80 - 100 g, were inoculated with 100 LD50 of 48-hour agar culture of Burkholderia mallei (strain ts-5). Commercial preparations of 2 - 4th generations of fluoroquinolones: sparfloxacin (Sparflo, India), gemifloxacin (Faktiv, Russia), moxifloxacin (Avelox, Germany), pefloxacin (Abactal, Slovenia), levofloxacin (Eleflox, India), lomefloxacin (Lomeflox, India), ofloxacin (Russia). Urgent prophylaxis started 3 hours after inoculation with duration of 10 days, whereas treatment started 24 hours after inoculation with duration of 15 days. Daily dose of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, of loxacin was divided on 2 parts, which were administered with 12-hour interval; other drugswere administered once a day. RESULTS: All studied drugs, excluding lomefloxacin, were highly effective for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders and provided 80 - 100% protection. CONCLUSION: Third-fourth generations of fluoroquinolones: sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin were highly effective against agent of glanders in in vivo experiments. They are promising drugs for the development of schemes for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of glanders in humans.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Burkholderia mallei , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Glanders/drug therapy , Animals , Aza Compounds/therapeutic use , Cricetinae , Female , Gemifloxacin , Levofloxacin , Male , Mesocricetus , Moxifloxacin , Naphthyridines/therapeutic use , Ofloxacin/therapeutic use , Quinolines/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Comparative in vitro and in vivo efficacy of new fluoroquinolones with respect to pathogens of tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax was estimated. It was shown that the strains of the tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax pathogens were in vitro highly susceptible to the new agents. The experiments on laboratory animals demonstrated that pefloxacin and sparfloxacin had extremely broad spectra and were of special value in emergency prophylaxis of tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax.
