Subject(s)
Coitus , Dilatation/methods , Vagina/abnormalities , Female , Humans , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Surgery, Plastic/methods , Vagina/surgeryABSTRACT
Seven out of ten of the adolescents included in the study had experienced unsafe sex with a new partner. Afterwards, 48% worried about STD and 31% worried about pregnancy. Teenagers calculate the risk of contracting STD from the looks and the reputation of a new partner. Young women and men agree, that both share responsibility for the use of condoms, but more often the young women initiate the use of condoms. Many participants found it more embarrassing to buy condoms than to use them. The participants hoped for improved education in schools and less expensive condoms. The adolescents possessed good knowledge concerning how to protect themselves, but changes in attitudes are needed. School and youth clinics play important roles in this process.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Condoms , Contraception Behavior , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Contraception Behavior/psychology , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy in Adolescence/prevention & control , Safe Sex , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , SwedenABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the point prevalence of psychiatric disorders during the second trimester of pregnancy in a population-based sample of pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Participants were 1795 consecutive pregnant women attending routine ultrasound screening at two obstetric clinics in Northern Sweden during 1 year. The Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) was used for evaluating. RESULTS: Overall, 1734 (96.6%) of the women filled in the PRIME-MD patient questionnaire. Psychiatric disorders were present in 14.1% of the women. Major depression was prevalent in 3.3% of patients and minor depression in 6.9% of patients. Anxiety disorders were encountered in 6.6% of patients. Women with psychiatric disorders displayed significantly more somatic symptoms and more pronounced fear of childbirth. Among diagnosed patients, only 5.5% had some form of treatment. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in this unselected population of pregnant women was high and the majority of the women were found to be undiagnosed and untreated.
Subject(s)
Gestational Age , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Adult , Anxiety/epidemiology , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Mental Disorders/therapy , Mood Disorders/epidemiology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Surveys and Questionnaires , Ultrasonography, PrenatalABSTRACT
PROBLEM: Human decidua contains a significant number of leukocytes, phenotypically and functionally different from peripheral blood. In vitro studies of decidual leukocytes require constant improvement of cell isolation technique in order to obtain highly purified viable and functionally active cells. METHOD OF STUDY: Optimized isolation procedure of decidual leukocytes, based on non-enzymatic cell dispersion, Percoll gradient centrifugation and purification step involving immunomagnetic beads is compared with a similar procedure with Lymphoprep gradient. RESULTS: The method based on Percoll gradient gave a viable leukocyte fraction with higher amount of alphabetaT- and gammadeltaT cells compared with Lymphoprep gradient. The leukocytes exhibited a well-preserved ultrastructure and surface marker expression and were suitable for molecular analysis. The magnitude and the kinetics of their proliferative response were comparable with peripheral blood lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide an optimized method for isolation and enrichment of decidual leukocytes, suitable for phenotypic, ultrastructural, molecular and functional analyses.
