ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori typically colonizes the human stomach, but it can occasionally be detected in the oral cavity of infected persons. Clinical outcome as a result of gastric colonization depends on presence of the pathogenicity island cagPAI that encodes a type-IV secretion system (T4SS) for translocation of the effector protein CagA and ADP-heptose. Upon injection into target cells, CagA is phosphorylated, which can be demonstrated by in vitro infection of the gastric epithelial cell line AGS, resulting in cell elongation. Here we investigated whether H. pylori can exert these responses during interaction with cells from the oral epithelium. To this purpose, three oral epithelial cell lines, HN, CAL-27 and BHY, were infected with various virulent wild-type H. pylori strains, and CagA delivery and ADP-heptose-mediated pro-inflammatory responses were monitored. RESULTS: All three oral cell lines were resistant to elongation upon infection, despite similar bacterial binding capabilities. Moreover, T4SS-dependent CagA injection was absent. Resistance to CagA delivery was shown to be due to absence of CEACAM expression in these cell lines, while these surface molecules have recently been recognized as H. pylori T4SS receptors. Lack of CEACAM expression in HN, CAL-27 and BHY cells was overcome by genetic introduction of either CEACAM1, CEACAM5, or CEACAM6, which in each of the cell lines was proven sufficient to facilitate CagA delivery and phosphorylation upon H. pylori infection to levels similar to those observed with the gastric AGS cells. Pro-inflammatory responses, as measured by interleukin-8 ELISA, were induced to high levels in each cell line and CEACAM-independent. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that lack of CEACAM receptors on the surface of the oral epithelial cells was responsible for resistance to H. pylori CagA-dependent pathogenic activities, and confirms the important role for the T4SS-dependent interaction of these receptors with H. pylori in the gastric epithelium.
Subject(s)
Afferent Loop Syndrome/surgery , Endosonography/methods , Gastric Bypass/methods , Stents , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Afferent Loop Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Afferent Loop Syndrome/etiology , Aged , Endosonography/instrumentation , Gastric Bypass/instrumentation , Humans , Male , Ultrasonography, Interventional/instrumentationABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori CagA protein is considered a major virulence factor associated with gastric cancer. There are two major types of CagA proteins: the Western and East Asian CagA. The East Asian CagA-positive H. pylori infection is more closely associated with gastric cancer. The prevalence of gastric cancer is quite low in the Philippines, although Philippine populations are considered to originate from an East Asia source. This study investigates the characteristics of the cagA gene and CagA protein in Philippine H. pylori strains and compares them with previously characterized reference strains worldwide. The full-length cagA gene was sequenced from 19 Philippine isolates and phylogenetic relationships between the Philippine and 40 reference strains were analyzed. All Philippine strains examined were cagA positive, and 73.7% (14/19) strains were Western CagA-positive. The phylogenetic tree based on the deduced amino acid sequence of CagA indicated that the Philippine strains were classified into the two major groups of CagA protein: the Western and the East Asian group. These findings suggest that the modern Western influence may have resulted in more Western type H. pylori strains in the Philippines. Therefore, H. pylori-infected Filipinos can be considered to be at a low risk of developing gastric cancer.
