Improving the neuromuscular fitness of patients with type 2 diabetes by aquatic exercise training - The Diabetes and Aquatic Training Study (DATS 3): a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To compare the effects of aquatic aerobic and combined training on neuromuscular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to an aerobic aquatic training (AERO), a combined aquatic training (COMBI) or a procedure control (CON) three weekly for 15 weeks. The sessions were 50 minutes long. Maximal strength and muscle endurance were assessed by the 1RM and maximum repetitions at 60% 1RM tests, respectively, in knee extension and elbow flexion exercises. Timed up and go test, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol ratio also were evaluated. RESULTS: Participants had 59.0±8.2 years, 51% women. All groups increased (P<0.001) the maximal knee extension strength (Mean Difference: AERO: 21.1 kg; COMBI: 14.6 kg; CON: 4.4 kg), while only COMBI group increased (P<0.001) the maximal elbow flexion strength (Mean Difference: 2.6 kg). Muscle endurance in both exercises were increased in all groups. The Timed Up and Go test at the usual and maximal speed decreased in all groups. Testosterone were not modified in present study, while cortisol and testosterone:cortisol were improved in COMBI group. CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic training, especially combined aquatic training, improve the neuromuscular fitness of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aquatic Aerobic and Combined Training in Management of Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes and Aquatic Training Study (DATS): A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: To compare the effects of aquatic aerobic and combined (aerobic more resistance) training on glycemic control and other cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Patients were randomized to an aquatic aerobic training (AERO, n = 19; 57.5 [7.4] y; 9 [47%] women), or an aquatic combined training (COMBI, n = 19; 60.9 [7.4] y; 10 [53%] women), or an aquatic active procedure control (n = 19; 58.6 [9.7] y; 10 [53%] women) in 3 weekly sessions (50 min each), during 15 weeks. Glycated hemoglobin was the primary outcome, whereas insulin resistance markers, lipid profile, systemic inflammation, renin concentration, blood pressure, physical activity levels, and sitting time were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Glycated hemoglobin was reduced in all groups (P = .021), although changes were more marked in AERO (-0.36%) and COMBI (-0.44%) than in active control (-0.26%) group. Lipid profile was similarly modified in all groups. Diastolic blood pressure and renin concentration were also reduced in all groups; however, renin showed more marked reductions in AERO (-17.7 uIU/mL) and COMBI (-15.1 uIU/mL) than in active control (0.2 uIU/mL) group. Fasting insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, walking time, and sitting time on weekends were not modified. CONCLUSION: AERO and COMBI presented similar effect to improve glycemic control and some cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of 2 Models of Aquatic Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Responses of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes and Aquatic Training Study-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: There are a lack of clinical trials with suitable methodological quality that compare aquatic exercise training types in type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. This study aimed to compare the effects of aerobic and combined aquatic training on cardiorespiratory outcomes in patients with T2D. METHODS: Untrained patients with T2D were randomized to receive an aerobic aquatic training, a combined aquatic training, or a procedure control in 3 weekly sessions for 15 weeks. The sessions were 50 minutes long. The intensities were from 85% to 100% of heart rate of anaerobic threshold and at maximal velocity for aerobic and resistance parts, respectively. Resting heart rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and oxygen uptake corresponding to second ventilatory threshold and its relation with VO2peak were evaluated. RESULTS: Participants were 59.0 (8.2) years old and 51% women. Intervention groups increased in VO2peak (aerobic aquatic training group: 4.48 mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .004; combined aquatic training group: 5.27 mL·kg-1·min-1; P = .006) and oxygen uptake corresponding to second ventilatory threshold, whereas the control group presented an increase in oxygen uptake corresponding to second ventilatory threshold and minimal change in VO2peak. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic and combined aquatic exercise interventions improve the cardiorespiratory fitness of patients with T2D.

Efeitos de dois tipos de treinamento físico de baixo impacto sobre o tempo de tela em adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of two types of low impact physical training on screen time among overweight adolescents

INTRODUCTION: The time that adolescents spend in front of some screen as TV, computer, video games and mobile phones, has been considered a risk factor for obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of two types of low impact training on the screen time and the BMI of overweight adolescents. METHODS: Forty-seven adolescents were allocated into three groups: control group (CG); water aerobics group (WG); and rebound training group (RG). The three groups had a weekly session of nutritional guidance; additionally, WG and RG trained 12 weeks with three weekly sessions ranging between 24 and 32 minutes, according to the stage of the training periodization with water aerobics and rebound classes, respectively. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and screen time through a questionnaire created for this study in order to identify the amount of hours that adolescents passed in front of a screen. The questionnaire was carried out before and after the training period, as well as anthropometric assessments. RESULTS: There was no difference pre and post-intervention in screen time for the three groups, however, there was a decrease in BMI in both exercise groups of the pre-training period for post-training. CONCLUSION: There was no reduction of the screen time, however the BMI decreased in the exercise groups.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tempo que adolescentes passam em frente a algum tipo de tela como TV, computador, videogames e celulares, tem sido considerado fator de risco para a obesidade e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. OBJETIVO: Analisar a eficiência de dois tipos de treino de baixo impacto sobre o tempo de tela e sobre o IMC de adolescentes com excesso de peso. MÉTODO: Foram alocados 47 adolescentes em três grupos: controle (GC); hidroginástica (GH); e jump (GJ). Os três grupos tiveram uma sessão semanal de orientação nutricional; além disso, o GH e GJ treinaram 12 semanas com três sessões semanais variando entre 24 e 32 minutos, conforme fase da periodização do treinamento, com aulas de hidroginástica e jump, respectivamente. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas e do tempo de tela por meio de questionário criado para o presente estudo, a fim de identificar a quantidade de horas que os adolescentes passavam em frente de uma tela. A aplicação do questionário foi realizada pré e pós-período de treinamento, assim como as avaliações antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença pré e pós-intervenção no tempo de tela para os três grupos, no entanto, houve redução no IMC em ambos os grupos de exercícios do período pré para o pós-treinamento. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve redução do tempo de tela, entretanto o IMC diminuiu nos grupos de exercícios.