ABSTRACT
The guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase II (cGKII) serine/threonine kinase relays signaling through guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) to control intestinal fluid homeostasis. Here, we report the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of cGKII. These inhibitors were imidazole-aminopyrimidines, which blocked recombinant human cGKII at submicromolar concentrations but exhibited comparatively little activity toward the phylogenetically related protein kinases cGKI and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Whereas aminopyrimidyl motifs are common in protein kinase inhibitors, molecular modeling of these imidazole-aminopyrimidines in the ATP-binding pocket of cGKII indicated an unconventional binding mode that directs their amine substituent into a narrow pocket delineated by hydrophobic residues of the hinge and the αC-helix. Crucially, this set of residues included the Leu-530 gatekeeper, which is not conserved in cGKI and PKA. In intestinal organoids, these compounds blocked cGKII-dependent phosphorylation of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). In mouse small intestinal tissue, cGKII inhibition significantly attenuated the anion secretory response provoked by the GCC-activating bacterial heat-stable toxin (STa), a frequent cause of infectious secretory diarrhea. In contrast, both PKA-dependent VASP phosphorylation and intestinal anion secretion were unaffected by treatment with these compounds, whereas experiments with T84 cells indicated that they weakly inhibit the activity of cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases. As these protein kinase inhibitors are the first to display selective inhibition of cGKII, they may expedite research on cGMP signaling and may aid future development of therapeutics for managing diarrheal disease and other pathogenic syndromes that involve cGKII.
Subject(s)
Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclic GMP/metabolism , Intestines/physiology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Crystallography, X-Ray , Humans , Intestines/drug effects , Mice , Microfilament Proteins/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Phosphoproteins/metabolism , Protein Conformation , Sequence Homology , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains produce the heat-stable toxin, STa, which, by activation of the intestinal receptor-enzyme guanylyl cyclase (GC) C, triggers an acute, watery diarrhea. We set out to identify GCC inhibitors that may be of benefit for the treatment of infectious diarrheal disease. METHODS: Compounds that inhibit STa-induced cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) production were selected by performing cyclase assays on cells and membranes containing GCC, or the related GCA. The effect of leads on STa/GCC-dependent activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator anion channel was investigated in T84 cells, and in porcine and human intestinal tissue. Their effect on STa-provoked fluid transport was assessed in ligated intestinal loops in piglets. RESULTS: Four N-2-(propylamino)-6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one-substituted piperidines were shown to inhibit GCC-mediated cellular cGMP production. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations were ≤ 5 × 10(-7) mol/L, whereas they were >10 times higher for GCA. In T84 monolayers, these leads blocked STa/GCC-dependent, but not forskolin/adenylyl cyclase-dependent, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator activity. GCC inhibition reduced STa-provoked anion secretion in pig jejunal tissue, and fluid retention and cGMP levels in STa-exposed loops. These GCC inhibitors blocked STa-provoked anion secretion in rectal biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a novel class of GCC inhibitors that may form the basis for development of future therapeutics for (infectious) diarrheal disease.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Escherichia coli Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Jejunum/drug effects , Piperidines/pharmacology , Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Bacterial Toxins/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/antagonists & inhibitors , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Diarrhea , Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli , Enterotoxins/metabolism , Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , HeLa Cells , Humans , Jejunum/cytology , Jejunum/metabolism , Models, Biological , Receptors, Enterotoxin , Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/metabolism , Receptors, Peptide/metabolism , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Swine , Young AdultABSTRACT
The synthesis and evaluation of benzetimide derivatives showing potent CXCR3 antagonism are described. Optimization of the screening hits led to the identification of more potent CXCR3 antagonists devoid of anti-cholinergic activity and identification of the key pharmacophore moieties of the series.
Subject(s)
Dexetimide/pharmacology , Receptors, CXCR3/antagonists & inhibitors , Dexetimide/chemistry , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
General screening for inhibitors of microvessel growth in vitro in the rat aortic ring assay led to the discovery of a novel series of thiadiazole pyridazine compounds with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Chemical optimization produced orally active compounds with potent in vitro and in vivo anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor activities.
