circRNAs in Endometrial Cancer-A Promising Biomarker: State of the Art.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common malignant tumors among women in the 21st century, whose mortality rate is increasing every year. Currently, the diagnosis of EC is possible only after a biopsy. However, it is necessary to find a new biomarker that will help in both the diagnosis and treatment of EC in a non-invasive way. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are small, covalently closed spherical and stable long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) molecules, which are abundant in both body fluids and human tissues and are expressed in various ways. Considering the new molecular classification of EC, many studies have appeared, describing new insights into the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in EC. In this review article, we focused on the problem of EC and the molecular aspects of its division, as well as the biogenesis, functions, and diagnostic and clinical significance of circRNAs in EC.

Telomeres and telomerase in endometrial cancer and hyperplasia.

Introduction: The study aimed to measure telomeres length (TL) and telomerase expression in normal endometrium and endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. Methods: Total RNA and DNA were isolated from endometrium samples of 117 patients. The RT-PCR method was used to determine telomerase expression and relative telomere length. Results: The control group had the longest telomeres in comparison to the hyperplasia and endometrial cancer groups. Only in the endometrial cancer group was telomerase expressed and positively correlated with telomere length. Conclusions: Telomere extension in endometrial cancer is mediated by telomerase, but telomere length may not be an indicator of endometrioid cancer development.

The Length of Leukocyte and Femoral Artery Telomeres in Patients with Peripheral Atherosclerosis.

The length of telomeres (TLs) that protect chromosome ends may reflect the age of cells as well as the degree of genetic material damage caused by external factors. Since leukocyte telomere length is associated with cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether leukocyte TL reflects femoral artery wall telomeres of patients with atherosclerosis and lower limb ischemia. Samples of femoral artery wall and blood were collected from 32 patients qualified to surgical revascularization. The analysis included blood and artery wall telomere length measurement and biochemical parameters. The study indicated that there was a moderate correlation between artery wall TL and leukocyte TL. Leukocyte TL was, on average, two times shorter than artery wall TL and correlated with the number of white blood cells. In turn, artery TL was impacted by total cholesterol level. The results suggest that the length of leukocyte telomeres may reflect artery wall TL and indirectly reflect the processes taking place in the artery wall in patients with atherosclerosis.

Porphyrin and phthalocyanine photosensitizers designed for targeted photodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is of particular concern due to its high mortality rate count. Recent investigations on targeted phototherapy involving novel photosensitizers and drug-delivery systems have provided promising results and realistic prospects for a successful medical treatment. New research trends have been focused particularly on development of advanced molecular systems offering effective photoactive species which could be selectively delivered directly into the affected cells. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have been considered extremely attractive for this purpose due to their molecular versatility, excellent photochemical properties and multifunctional nature. In this review it has been demonstrated that such macrocyclic compounds may effectively contribute to the inhibition of the growth of colon cancer cells and eventually to their photonecrosis. Purposely designed and tailored porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives in combination with smart drug-carriers have proved suitable for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and related antitumor treatments. This survey comprises a choice of potentially applicable ideas developed since 2010 involving 9 different tumor cell lines and featuring 32 photosensitizers.

Telomeres and telomerase in risk assessment of cardiovascular diseases.

Telomeres are repetitive nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes. Reduction in the number of repetitions causes cell senescence. Cells with high proliferative potential age with each replication cycle. Post-mitotic cells (e.g. cardiovascular cells) have a different aging mechanism. During the aging of cardiovascular system cells, permanent DNA damage occurs in the telomeric regions caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a phenomenon independent of cell proliferation and telomere length. Mitochondrial dysfunction is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species and development of inflammation. This phenomenon in the cells of blood vessels can lead to atherosclerosis development. Telomere damage in cardiomyocytes leads to the activation of the DNA damage response system, histone H2A.X phosphorylation, p53 activation and p21 and p16 protein synthesis, resulting in the SASP phenotype (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), increased inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovascular cells show the activity of the TERT subunit of telomerase, an enzyme that prevents telomere shortening. It turns out that disrupting the activity of this enzyme can also contribute to the formation of cardiovascular diseases. Measurements of telomere length according to the "blood-muscle" model may help in the future to assess the risk of cardiovascular complications in people undergoing cardiological procedures, as well as to assess the effectiveness of some drugs.

The role of telomeres and telomerase in the senescence of postmitotic cells.

Senescence is a process related to the stopping of divisions and changes leading the cell to the SASP phenotype. Permanent senescence of many SASP cells contributes to faster aging of the body and development of age-related diseases due to the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Both mitotically active and non-dividing cells can undergo senescence as a result of activation of different molecular pathways. Telomeres, referred to as the molecular clock, direct the dividing cell into the aging pathway when reaching a critical length. In turn, the senescence of postmitotic cells depends not on the length of telomeres, but their functionality. Dysfunctional telomeres are responsible for triggering the signaling of DNA damage response (DDR). Telomerase subunits in post-mitotic cells translocate between the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria, participating in the regulation of their activity. Among other things, they contribute to the reduction of reactive oxygen species generation, which leads to telomere dysfunction and, consequently, senescence. Some proteins of the shelterin complex also play a protective role by inhibiting senescence-initiating kinases and limiting ROS production by mitochondria.

Telomere length in leukocytes and cervical smears of women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infection.

OBJECTIVE: Persistent high-risk HPV (HR HPV) infection leads to the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions, which in turn may progress to cervical cancer. Telomere elongation or shortening may indicate a carcinogenesis process. In the present study, we analyzed telomere length from blood and cervical smears of women without and with high-risk HPV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Telomere length was quantified by real-time PCR in blood and cervical smears from 48 women with high-risk HPV infection and HGSIL or LGSIL, 29 women HR-HPV positive without SIL, and 11 HPV-negative women. RESULTS: No correlation was found between age and telomere length in blood and cervical smears. Women with high-risk HPV infection had shorter telomeres in cervical smears, but not in blood compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that telomere shortening occurs in cervical cells of women with HR HPV infection both with LGSIL and HGSIL and may indicate the onset of carcinogenesis. In turn, there is no correlation between leukocyte telomere length and cervical cancer risk in women with HR HPV infection.

The effect of organic solvents on selected microorganisms and model liposome membrane.

The effect of methanol, ethanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide and Nujol on the growth of Escherichia coli DH5α, Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae D273 was investigated. All of the tested cultures appeared susceptible to the organic media they were treated with, which evinced in apparent hindering of cell development. The observed diverse solvent tolerance, except from their different biochemical activity, may also be related to the changes in cell membrane fluidity induced by the solvent species. Parallel electron paramagnetic resonance investigations using egg yolk lecithin model liposomes revealed that the fluidity of the phospholipid system in cell membranes may either be considerably decreased (Nujol, DMF, ethanol) or increased (acetone), thus rendering difficult the intracellular nutrient supply. Hence, even the chemically neutral Nujol produced a distinct cell-growth inhibitory effect. These results are fairly consistent with the outcome of the survival tests, particularly for the bacteria strains.

Telomeres as a molecular marker of male infertility.

In recent years, male infertility has become a growing social problem. Standard diagnostic procedures, based on assessing seminological parameters, are often insufficient to explain the causes of male infertility. Because of this, new markers with better clinical application are being sought. One of the promising markers seems to be an assessment of telomere length of sperm. Sperm telomeres, in contrast to somatic cells, are elongated as men age. The results of some studies suggest that telomere length may be relevant in the case of fertilization and normal embryo development. Literature reports indicate that there is a correlation between telomere length of sperm and abnormal sperm parameters. The measurement of telomere length using the method of quantitative PCR could become a new marker of spermatogenesis, which can be useful for evaluating male reproductive age.

Telomeres and Telomerase During Human Papillomavirus-Induced Carcinogenesis.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) belong to a small spherical virus family and are transmitted through direct contact, most often through sexual behavior. More than 200 types of HPV are known, a dozen or so of which are classified as high-risk viruses (HR HPV) and may contribute to the development of cervical cancer. HPV is a small virus with a capsid composed of L1 and L2 proteins, which are crucial for entry to the cell. The infection begins at the basal cell layer and progresses to involve cells from higher layers of the cervical epithelium. E6 and E7 viral proteins are involved in the process of carcinogenesis. They interact with suppressors of oncogenesis, including p53 and Rb proteins. This leads to DNA replication and intensive cell divisions. The persistent HR HPV infection leads to the development of dysplasia and these changes may progress to invasive cancer. During the initial stage of carcinogenesis, telomeres shorten until telomerase activates. The activation of telomerase, the enzyme necessary to extend chromosome ends (telomeres) is the key step in cell immortalization. Analyzing the expression level of hTERT and hTERC genes encoding telomerase and telomere length measurement may constitute new markers of the early carcinogenesis.

Transcriptional expression of selected genes associated with excretion of carboxylic acids from aci mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

INTRODUCTION: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model organism for studies of transcriptional regulation of metabolic processes in other eukaryotic cells including human cells. Cellular acid-base balance can be disturbed in pathologic situations such as renal acidosis or cancer. The extracellular pH of malignant solid tumors is acidic in the range of 6.5-6.9. EG07 and EG37 aci mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae excessively excrete carboxylic acids to glucose-containing media or distilled water. The excreted acids are Krebs and/or glyoxylate cycle intermediates. The genes restoring the wild-type phenotype have function that does not easily explain theAci+ phenotype. MATERIAL/METHODS: In this study, using real-time PCR we measured relative mRNA expression, in the mutants compared to the wild-type strain, of selected genes associated with both carboxylic acid cycles and two cell transporters, Pma1 and Pdr12, of organic acids. RESULTS: Unexpectedly, we found that the relative expression of the selected Krebs cycle and glyoxylate cycle genes did not change significantly. However, the expression of the two transporter genes was strongly elevated in EG37 and moderately increased in EG07. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the induction of the two cell transporterg enes plays an important role in acid excretion by the aci mutants.

Effect of tin and lead chlorotriphenyl analogues on selected living cells.

Three kinds of living cells, human embryonic kidney cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli, were tested for their sensitivity to chlorotriphenyltin and chlorotriphenyllead. The tin compound proved definitely more toxic than the lead derivative, particularly in the case of the human embryonic kidney cells devoid of any protective cell wall. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) comparative studies carried out by using a natural model liposome system (egg yolk lecithin) confirmed considerable changes within the lipid bilayer upon doping by the aforementioned additives, which may be crucial to the mechanism of the observed cell cleavage. The individual dopants revealed diverse impact upon the membrane's condition, chlorotriphenyltin distinctly fluidized the lipid system, whereas chlorotriphenyllead stiffened the medium within the membrane. A theoretical approach concerning such different behaviors of studied tin and lead analogues because of their high toxicity in living cells has been presented.

The YJL185C, YLR376C and YJR129C genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are probably involved in regulation of the glyoxylate cycle.

The ER24 aci (acidification) mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae excreting protons in the absence of glucose was transformed with a multicopy yeast DNA plasmid library. Three different DNA fragments restored the wild-type phenotype termed Aci- because it does not acidify the complete glucose medium under the tested conditions. Molecular dissection of the transforming DNA fragments identified two multicopy suppressor genes YJL185C, YJR129C and one allelic YLR376C. Disruption of either of the three genes in wild-type yeast strain resulted in acidification of the medium (Aci+ phenotype) similarly to the original ER24 mutant. These data indicate the contribution of the ER24 gene product Ylr376Cp and of the two suppressor gene products Yjl185Cp and Yjr129Cp to a complex regulation of the glyoxylate cycle in yeast.