Cultural adaptation to Spanish (Spain) of the "Overactive Bladder - Family Impact Measure (OAB-FIM)" questionnaire. / Adaptación cultural al español (España) del cuestionario Overactive Bladder Family Impact Measure (OAB-FIM).

OBJECTIVE: The OAB-FIM was developed as a measure of the impact of an overactive bladder (OAB) on relatives who live with the patient. The objective of this study was conduct a cultural adaptation to Spanish (Spain) of the OAB-FIM questionnaire. METHODS: The adaptation included a conceptual and linguistic validation phase, as well as a phase for measuring the psychometric properties in 25 relatives [mean age, 63.0 years (SD, 14.3); 44% women] who regularly live with patients with OAB, who are of either sex and 18 years of age or older. We measured conceptual and linguistic equivalence, internal reliability, construct validity and content validity. We assessed the applicability and administration load. RESULTS: The OAB-FIM was conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original, maintaining its 6 domains: social, travel, worry, irritability, sleep and sex. The interagreement correctly placed all items in their domain, except for number 10, which was placed more in worry than in irritability, motivates its reformulation. Some 2.95% of the items were missing. The floor and ceiling effects of the items varied, respectively, between 20-28%, and 0-16%. The mean time for completing the questionnaire was 5.2minutes (SD, 2.8), and 24% of the participants required some type of assistance. The α-Cronbach coefficient varied between 0.948-0.839. The correlations with similar scales in the family were moderate-high (0.407-0.753) or small-moderate with those administered to the patient (0.004-0.423). CONCLUSION: We obtained a Spanish (Spain) version of the OAB-FIM that was conceptually and linguistically equivalent to the original. The questionnaire showed good internal consistency, content and construct validity and applicability.

[Radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) for the treatment of localised prostate cancer]. / Ablación mediante radiofrecuencia intersticial (RITA) en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata órgano-confinado.

Radiofrequency ablation produces an irreversible destruction of prostate tissue since it reaches temperatures of 110 degrees C that leads the tumour into coagulative necrosis and, based on preliminary studies, it has shown to be a safe therapeutical alternative for localised prostate cancer. It is a non-invasive technique with scarce complications which is especially attractive for those patients whose co-morbidity precludes them from having any others procedures that require general anaesthesia or that make them to be admitted. Another valuable aspect of this treatment modality is that treatment times are short (less than 10 minutes), and controlled lesions can be predictably generated, as well as it is a feasible technique by most urologists since it requires only basic imaging experience and it could be also repeated at any time if needed. However, despite these promising results, long term follow-up are needed before conclusions about the efficacy of RITA can be drawn and, therefore, before setting its role in localised prostate cancer treatment.

[Conservative approach in major renal trauma]. / Manejo conservador de los traumatismos renales de alto grado.

INTRODUCTION: Genitourinary trauma amount to an 8-10% of abdominal trauma with the kidney being the most affected organ in 50% of cases, especially the left one. The choice of treatment will depend on the kind of lesion found in the affected renal unit and on the patient's clinical conditions. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are twofold: to determine the applicability of conservative treatment in major renal trauma and to assess the evaluation and emergence of possible complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have analysed 309 cases of renal trauma dealt with in our department between January 1984 and January 2006, analyzing such variables as the etiology of the trauma, associated lesions in other organs, the therapeutic approach adopted as well as the presence of complications, both in the long and short run. RESULTS: Out of a total of 309 renal trauma analyzed, a 94.1% (291 cases) were blunt renal trauma. The distribution by grade was: Grade I, 213 cases (69%); Grade II, 39 cases (12.6%); Grade III/IV, 32 cases (10.3%); Grade V, 25 cases (8%). We have given a conservative approach in the 84.6% of the grade III/IV cases (24 cases). 4 grade III nephrectomies were carried out in the Emergency Room because of haemodynamic instability, other 4 grade IV nephrectomies were done for the same reason, one of which was a partial nephrectomy, 48-72 hours after the trauma. The treatment for grade V was nephrectomy in 67%. CONCLUSIONS: According to our experience and in the light of the results obtained, we consider the conservative approach adequate for major renal trauma as long as the patient is haemodynamically stable.

Ablación mediante radiofrecuencia intersticial (RITA) en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata órgano-confinado / Radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) for the treatment of localised prostate cancer

La ablación mediante radiofrecuencia (RF) permite una destrucción irreversible de tejido prostático al generar temperaturas cercanas a los 100º C que inducen una necrosis coagulativa de la zona tumoral y, en base a los estudios preliminares realizados en los últimos años, se ha mostrado como una alternativa terapéutica segura y eficaz en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata órgano-confinado. Es una modalidad terapéutica minimanente invasiva, con escasas complicaciones y especialmente atractiva en aquellos pacientes en los que su co-morbilidad excluye otras opciones de tratamiento que requieran anestesia general u hospitalización. Otros aspectos interesantes de esta modalidad de tratamiento son el escaso tiempo de ablación (alrededor de 10 minutos), la posibilidad de controlar el tamaño de las lesiones inducidas, la capacidad de ser una técnica fácilmente reproducible por cualquier urólogo, ya que sólo requiere una experiencia básica en técnicas de imagen y la posibilidad de repetir el tratamiento si es preciso. A pesar de estos resultados prometedores, serían necesarios estudios a largo plazo antes de pronunciarnos de forma definitiva sobre la eficacia del RITA y determinar su lugar exacto en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata órgano-confinado

Radiofrequency ablation produces an irreversible destruction of prostate tissue since it reaches temperatures of 110º C that leads the tumour into coagulative necrosis and, based on preliminary studies, it has shown to be a safe therapeutical alternative for localised prostate cancer. It is a non-invasive technique with scarce complications which is especially attractive for those patients whose co-morbidity precludes them from having any others procedures that require general anaesthesia or that make them to be admitted. Another valuable aspect of this treatment modality is that treatment times are short (less than 10 minutes), and controlled lesions can be predictably generated, as well as it is a feasible technique by most urologists since it requires only basic imaging experience and it could be also repeated at any time if needed. However, despite these promising results, long term follow-up are needed before conclusions about the efficacy of RITA can be drawn and, therefore, before setting its role in localised prostate cancer treatment

[Assesmment urethrorrhagia in childhood]. / Valoración de la uretrorragia en el niño.

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To review urethrorrhagia cases, the need of complementary test, its management and natural history. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective analysis was carried out for the 12 patients who suffered from urethrorrhagia, consecutively diagnosed in our department. Parameters as age, and micturitional habit were evaluated. In this way, we described the diagnostic techniques used, assessment and the follow-up of each patient. RESULTS: All cases correspond to male children with an average age of 8.7 years (range: 18 months-14 years). Urethrorrhagia appears in 100% of the patients, episodes which were daily in 58.4%. 33% (4/12) of them also present other micturitional symptoms. 75% (9/12) had a lazy micturitional habit. Among the urological backgrounds we found: 1 patient was circumcised 3 years ago, a meatotomy was done in other due to meatus stenosis 2 years before, and a last one had an electrocoagulation of a urethral polyp just 1 month before. 83.4% (10/12) of urine cultures were negative. An urethrocystoscope was done in 9 patients finding a verum hypertrophy in 4, inflammatory changes next to membranous urethra in 3, scar at the bulbar urethra in 1 and in a last one no abnormalities were found. Out of 8 patients with lazy micturitional habit, 75% (6/8) resolve spontaneously once they correct their habits after a mean follow-up of 9 months. Only 2 patients needed surgery (TUR). In the other 2 patient, symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Urethrorrhagia in childhood is a benign condition in most cases, which is almost always cured spontaneously during the first 2 years of follow-up. Radiological studies as well as endoscopic procedures are unnecessary in the early management of these patients thus being relegated to recurrent or persistent bleeding.

[Intratesticular calcifications in childhood]. / Calcificaciones intratesticulares en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) represents an uncommon occurrence at paediatrics with a radiological incidence between 0.16 to 0.6% according to reports. The greater use of ultrasound as well as the availability of high-frequency probes has increased the number of incidental TM being diagnosed. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1998 to October 2002 seven children, aged 9 to 13 years (average 11 years and 1 months), were diagnosed of MT in our department. Sonographic appearance was hyperechogenic multiple small foci of 1-3 mm without acoustic shadowing of the testicular parenchyma. AIM: To evaluate sonographic patterns of TM, their associations, clinical consequences and to determine their management. RESULTS: All children were asymptomatic and the reasons for the ultrasound were: cryptorchism (3), short height (1), gynecomastia (1), varicocele (1) and scrotum trauma (1). It should be noted that 3 of the cases showed bilateral TM. Out of 10 testicles with TM, 8 met classic testicular microlithiasis (CTM) criteria (at least one image that showed five or more microliths in either or both testes) and 2 had limited testicular microlithiasis (LTM) (to have at least one microlith). Clinical and radiological follow-up is being performed annually, ranging from 18 months to 6 years, during which there hasn't been progression or regression in the number of TM or in their distribution. In none of these cases there has been shown a related testicular cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In other broad reviews it has been shown that there is no evidence to suggest that the TM have to be considered as premalignant lesions by themselves. However, the association among TM and cancer exists. Because of that, and due to the lack of consensus, we recommend annual clinical and radiological (ultrasound) follow-up until puberty, and thereafter the patient should be informed of unknown natural history of this condition. We do not recommend more invasive procedures such as biopsy except: 1) apart form the TM there is a change in the echogenicity or 2) if there is a change in the number or distribution of the TM.

[Torsion of undescended testis]. / Torsión testicular en testes no descendidos.

Torsion of a cryptorchidid testicle presents a non-specific symptomatology. Clinical suspicion indicates surgical exploration, irrespective of Doppler ultrasound with its inherent false negative results. With regards to treatment, an orchiectomy is performed when the testis is necrotic. Management of the contralateral testis is controversial. Our policy is not to fix them systematically because we believe that a healthy education of parents and children is more important, so as to obtain an earlier diagnosis of a future torsion.

Manejo conservador de los traumatismos renales de alto grado / Conservative approach in major renal trauma

Introducción: Los traumatismos genitourinarios constituyen el 8-10% de los traumatismos abdominales y en el 50% de los casos es el riñón el órgano más afectado, sobretodo el izquierdo. La decisión de adoptar un tratamiento conservador o quirúrgico en estos casos dependerá del tipo de lesión que encontremos en la unidad renal afecta y de las condiciones clínicas del paciente. Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio son determinar la posibilidad de llevar acabo un tratamiento conservador en los traumatismos renales de alto grado y estudiar la evaluación y aparición de complicaciones en los mismos. Material y métodos: Hemos analizado retrospectivamente los 309 casos de traumatismos renales acontecidos en nuestro Servicio en el período de tiempo comprendido entre Enero 1984 y Enero 2006, estudiando variables como la etiología del traumatismo, lesiones asociadas en otros órganos, actitud terapéutica adoptada y presencia de complicaciones, tanto a largo como a corto plazo. Resultados: De los 309 traumatismos renales analizados, el 94,1% (291 casos) fueron traumatismos renales cerrados o contusos. La distribución por grados del total de traumatismos fue: Grado I: 213 casos (69%), grado II: 39 casos (12.6%), grados III y IV: 32 casos (10,3%) y grado V: 25 casos (8%). Realizamos tratamiento conservador en el 84,6% de los casos etiquetados como grados III y grado IV (24 casos en total). Se practicaron 4 nefrectomías de urgencia en los grado III por inestabilidad hemodinámica y 4 nefrectomías en grados IV por el mismo motivo, una de ellas parcial, diferidas a las 48- 72 horas del traumatismo. En 67% de los traumatismos grado V se realizó nefrectomía de urgencia. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a nuestra experiencia y a los resultados obtenidos, consideramos adecuado el manejo conservador en los traumatismos renales de alto grado siempre y cuando las condiciones hemodinámicas del paciente lo permitan

Introduction: Genitourinary trauma amount to an 8-10% of abdominal trauma with the kidney being the most affected organ in 50% of cases, especially the left one. The choice of treatment will depend on the kind of lesion found in the affected renal unit and on the patient’s clinical conditions. Objective: The aims of this study are twofold: to determine the applicability of conservative treatment in major renal trauma and to assess the evaluation and emergence of possible complications. Material and methods: We have analysed 309 cases of renal trauma dealt with in our department between January 1984 and January 2006, analyzing such variables as the etiology of the trauma, associated lesions in other organs, the therapeutic approach adopted as well as the presence of complications, both in the long and short run. Results: Out of a total of 309 renal trauma analyzed, a 94,1% (291 cases) were blunt renal trauma. The distribution by grade was: Grade I, 213 cases (69%); Grade II, 39 cases (12,6%); Grade III/ IV, 32 cases (10,3%); Grade V, 25 cases (8%). We have given a conservative approach in the 84,6% of the grade III/ IV cases (24 cases). 4 grade III nephrectomies were carried out in the Emergency Room because of haemodynamic instability, other 4 grade IV nephrectomies were done for the same reason, one of which was a partial nephrectomy, 48-72 hours after the trauma. The treatment for grade V was nephrectomy in 67%. Conclusions: According to our experience and in the light of the results obtained, we consider the conservative approach adequate for major renal trauma as long as the patient is haemodynamically stable

Valoración de la uretrorragia en el niño / Assessmment urethrorrhagia in childhood

Objetivo: Revisar los casos de uretrorragia, la necesidad de exploraciones complementarias, su manejo e historia natural. Material y Métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente 12 pacientes que presentaron una uretrorragia, diagnosticados de forma consecutiva en nuestro centro. Se evaluaron parámetros como la edad, tiempo de evolución y hábito miccional. De igual modo, describimos las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, el manejo terapéutico y la evolución del paciente. Resultados: Todos los casos corresponden a varones con edad media de 8,7 años (18 meses y 14 años). Los episodios de uretrorragia aparecen en el 100% de los pacientes, mientras que fueron diarios en el 58,4%. El 33% (4/12) se acompañan además de otra sintomatología miccional. El 75% (9/12) presentaban un hábito miccional perezoso. Entre los antecedentes urológicos destacan: 1 paciente circuncidado hacía 3 años, otro al que se le practicó una meatotomía por estenosis del meato 2 años antes y por último, uno al que se le realizó una electrocoagulación de un pólipo uretral hacía un mes. El 83,4% (10/12) de los urinocultivos realizados fueron negativos. Se practicó uretrocistoscopia en 9 pacientes, detectando en 4 una hipertrofia del verum, en 3 cambios inflamatorios adyacentes a la uretra membranosa, en 1 paciente esfacelos en uretra bulbar y en el último no se objetivaron hallazgos patológicos. De los 8 pacientes que presentaban un hábito miccional perezoso, el 75% (6/8) se resolvieron espontáneamente después de corregir el hábito miccional tras una media de 9 meses. Sólo 2 precisaron tratamiento quirúrgico mediante resección endoscópica transuretral. En los otros 2 pacientes la sintomatología desapareció espontáneamente en el transcurso del seguimiento de los mismos. Conclusiones: La uretrorragia en el niño es un proceso benigno en la gran mayoría de los casos, que se resuelve de forma espontánea prácticamente siempre durante los 2 primeros años de seguimiento. Los estudios radiológicos y las exploraciones endoscópicas resultan innecesarios en el manejo inicial de estos pacientes quedando relegadas a cuadros persistentes en el tiempo

Objetive. To review urethrorrhagia cases, the need of complementary test, its management and natural history. Material and method. A retrospective analysis was carried out for the 12 patients who suffered from urethrorrhagia, consecutively diagnosed in our department. Parameters as age, and micturitional habit were evaluated. In this way, we described the diagnostic techniques used, assessment and the follow-up of each patient. Results. All cases correspond to male children with an average age of 8.7 years (range: 18 months- 14 years). Urethrorrhagia appears in 100% of the patients, episodes which were daily in 58.4%. 33% (4/12) of them also present other micturitional symptoms. 75% (9/12) had a lazy micturitional habit. Among the urological backgrounds we found: 1 patient was circumcised 3 years ago, a meatotomy was done in other due to meatus stenosis 2 years before, and a last one had an electrocoagulation of a urethral polyp just 1 month before. 83.4% (10/12) of urine cultures were negative. An urethrocystoscope was done in 9 patients finding a verum hypertrophy in 4, inflammatory changes next to membranous urethra in 3, scar at the bulbar urethra in 1 and in a last one no abnormalities were found. Out of 8 patients with lazy micturitional habit, 75% (6/8) resolve spontaneously once they correct their habits after a mean follow-up of 9 months. Only 2 patients needed surgery (TUR). In the other 2 patient, symptoms. Conclusions. Urethrorrhagia in childhood is a benign condition in most cases, which is almost always cured spontaneously during the first 2 years of follow-up. Radiological studies as well as endoscopic procedures are unnecessary in the early management of these patients thus being relegated to recurrent or persistent bleeding

Calcificaciones intratesticulares en la edad pediátrica / Intratesticular calcifications in childhood

Introducción: La microlitiasis testicular (MT) constituye una entidad infrecuente en la edad pediátrica con una incidencia radiológica de 0,16 al 0,6% según series. El amplio uso de la ecografía así como la disponibilidad de sondas de alta frecuencia ha aumentado el descubrimiento incidental de MT. Material y Método: Desde enero de 1998 hasta octubre de 2002 se detectaron en nuestro hospital 7 niños entre 9 y 13 años (edad media 11años y un mes) con MT. La apariencia ecográfica de estas fue la de múltiples focos puntiformes hiperecogénicos de 1-3 mm sin sombra sónica distribuidos por el parénquima testicular. Objetivo: Valorar los patrones ecográficos de las MT, sus asociaciones e implicaciones clínicas y determinar el manejo de las mismas. Resultados: Todos los niños estaban asintomáticos y las motivos por las que se solicitó la ecografía fueron: criptorquidia (3), estudio por talla baja (1), estudio por ginecomastia por endocrino (1), varicocele (1) y traumatismo (1).Destacar que 3 de los casos presentaban microcalcificaciones bilaterales. De los 10 testículos con MT, 8 cumplían el criterio de MT Clásica (más de 5 microlitos/ campo) y 2 el de MT Limitada (menos de 5 microlitos/ campo). El seguimiento clínico y ecográfico está siendo anual y va desde 18 meses hasta 6 años, durante el cual no ha existido ni progresión ni regresión del número de las MT, ni tampoco en la distribución de las mismas. En ninguno de los casos ha aparecido una neoplasia testicular asociada. Conclusiones: En revisiones amplias queda demostrado que no hay evidencia para sugerir que las MT deban ser consideradas como lesiones premalignas por sí mismas. Sin embargo la asociación MT y tumor existe. Ante esto, y debido a la falta de un protocolo consensuado, pensamos que se debe realizar tanto un seguimiento clínico (exploración manual) como ecográfico con una periodicidad anual hasta la pubertad, y posteriormente, debemos informar al paciente con el riesgo de crear un enfermo ante un hallazgo casual, de una patología incierta. No está justificado realizar pruebas más agresivas (biopsia) ante su descubrimiento, excepto: 1) si además de las MT se observa alteración en la ecogenicidad testicular y 2) si observamos cambio en el número o en la distribución de las MT en el seguimiento

Introduction: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) represents an uncommon occurrence at paediatrics with a radiological incidence between 0.16 to 0.6% according to reports. The greater use of ultrasound as well as the availability of high-frequency probes has increased the number of incidental TM being diagnosed. Material and Method: From january 1998 to october 2002 seven children, aged 9 to 13 years (average 11 years and 1 months), were diagnosed of MT in our department. Sonographic appearance was hyperechogenic multiple small foci of 1-3mm without acoustic shadowing of the testicular parenchyma. AIM: To evaluate sonographic patterns of TM, their associations, clinical consequences and to determine their management. Results: All children were asymptomatic and the reasons for the ultrasound were: cryptorchism (3), short height (1), gynecomastia (1), varicocele (1) and scrotum trauma (1). It should be noted that 3 of the cases showed bilateral TM. Out of 10 testicles with TM, 8 met classic testicular microlithiasis (CTM) criteria (at least one image that showed five or more microliths in either or both testes) and 2 had limited testicular microlithiasis (LTM) (to have at least one microlith). Clinical and radiological follow-up is being performed annually, ranging from 18 months to 6 years, during which there hasn’t been progression or regression in the number of TM or in their distribution. In none of these cases there has been shown a related testicular cancer. Conclusions: In other broad reviews it has been shown that there is no evidence to suggest that the TM have to be considered as premalignant lesions by themselves. However, the association among TM and cancer exists. Because of that, and due to the lack of consensus, we recommend annual clinical and radiological (ultrasound) follow-up until puberty, and thereafter the patient should be informed of unknown natural history of this condition. We do not recommend more invasive procedures such as biopsy except: 1) apart form the TM there is a change in the echogenicity or 2) if there is a change in the number or distribution of the TM

Torsión testicular en testes no descendidos / Torsion of undescenden testis

La torsión del teste criptorquídico presenta una sintomatología inespecífica, cuya sospecha clínica nos obliga a una exploración quirúrgica, ya que a pesar de considerar a la ecografía Doppler-color la prueba de imagen recomendada, sus criterios de isquemia testicular son discutidos por su porcentaje nada desdeñable de falsos negativos. En cuanto al tratamiento, se realizará una orquiectomía ante una clara necrosis testicular siendo controvertida la actitud terapéutica del testículo contralateral. Nuestra filosofía es la no fijación sistemática del teste solitario porque pensamos que es más importante la educación sanitaria al respecto de los padres y posteriormente del adolescente, para así conseguir un diagnóstico precoz de una futura torsión

Torsion of a cryptorchidid testicle presents a non-specific symptomatology. Clinical suspicion indicates surgical exploration, irrespective of Doppler ultrasound with its inherent false negative results. With regards to treatment, an orchiectomy is performed when the testis is necrotic. Management of the contralateral testis is controversial. Our policy is not to fix them systematically because we believe that a healthy education of parents and children is more important, so as to obtain an earlier diagnosis of a future torsion

[Temporal arteritis as initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma]. / Arteritis de la temporal como forma de presentación del carcinoma de células renales.

Vasculitis as paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinoma has been rarely report. We report a patient who initially was studied for temporal arteritis, and was later diagnosed of a renal cell carcinoma. The vasculitis resolves after surgery treatment of the tumour.

[Comparative study between tobramicin and tobramicin plus ciprofloxacin in transrectal prostate biopsy prophylaxis]. / Estudio comparativo entre tobramicina y tobramicina más ciprofloxacino como profilaxis para la biopsia transrectal de próstata.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of tobramicin and tobramicin + ciprofloxacin for prevention of transrectal prostatic biopsy infectious complications. We revised our complications, microorganism most common in the infectious complications, and their sensibility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and randomized study in 153 patients with 157 prostatic biopsies. The 71 patients in group A were treated with intramuscular tobramicin 100 mg, one dose 30 minutes before biopsy and another one 8 hours afterwards. The 85 patients in group B were treated with the same tobramicin doses and oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg, one dose 30 minutes before biopsy and afterwards they continue with the ciprofloxacin every 12 hours during 3 days. RESULTS: we did 71 biopsies in group A and 86 in group B. 50 (31,8%) patients had hematuria, 20 (12,7%) fever, 15 (9,5%) hemospermia, 7 (4,4%) perineal pain, one (1,2%) orchiepididymitis and another one (1,2%) urinary retention. The patients who had fever were 15 of the group A and 5 of the group B (p=0,004). A total of 15 (21,1%) patients with fever of the group A needed to be treated in the hospital and 3 patients (3,5%) of the group B (p=0,0006). E. coli growthed in 67% of the blood cultures and amoxicillin-clavulanic, tobramicin and third generation of cephalosporins were the antibiotics more eficacious. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis scheme with tobramicin plus ciprofloxacin was more efficacy that tobramicina alone in transrectal prostatic biopsy. Hematuria was the most common complication. E. coli was the microorganism most frequent in infectious complications after prostatic biopsy and amoxicillin-clavulanic, tobramicin and third generation of cephalosporins the most effective antibiotics in our hospital.

Estudio comparativo entre tobramicina y tobramicina más ciprofloxacino como profilaxis para la biopsia transrectal de próstata / Comparative study between tobramicin and tobramicin plus ciprofloxacin in transrectal prostate biopsy prophylaxis

Introducción y Objetivos: Estudio de eficacia en la prevención de complicaciones infecciosas tras biopsia transrectal de próstata. Revisión de las complicaciones infecciosas y microorganismo implicados. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado en 153 pacientes en los que se realizaron 157 biopsias de próstata. El Grupo A (71 pacientes) recibieron tobramicina 100 mg una dosis intravenosa media hora antes de la biopsia y otra intramuscular a las 8 horas de la primera, y los del Grupo B (85 pacientes) recibieron el mismo esquema de tobramicina y añadiendo ciprofloxacino oral 500 mg media hora antes de la biopsia continuando luego con una dosis cada 12 horas durante tres días. Resultados: en el Grupo A se realizaron 71 biopsias y en el Grupo B 86. 50 pacientes (31,8%) presentaron hematuria, 20 (12,7%) fiebre, 15 (9,5%) hemospermia, 7 (4,4%) dolor perineal, uno (1,2%) orquiepididimitis y otro (1,2%) retención urinaria. De los pacientes con fiebre 15 pertenecen al grupo A y 5 al grupo B (p=0,004). Ingresaron por fiebre 15 (21,1%) pacientes del grupo A y 3 (3,5%) del grupo B (p=0,0006). En el 67% de los hemocultivos se aisló E. Coli. Conclusiones: La pauta profiláctica consistente en tobramicina más ciprofloxacino resultó ser más eficaz en la prevención de ingresos por fiebre post-biopsia que la tobramicina sola. La complicación más frecuente fue la hematuria. El microorganismo más frecuentemente fue E. Coli sensible, en nuestro hospital, a amoxicilina-clavulánico, tobramicina y cefalosporinas de tercera generación

Introduction and objectives: To compare the efficacy of tobramicin and tobramicin + ciprofloxacin for prevention of transrectal prostatic biopsy infectious complications. We revised our complications, microorganism most common in the infectious complications, and their sensibility. Material and methods: Prospective and randomized study in 153 patients with 157 prostatic biopsies. The 71 patients in group A were treated with intramuscular tobramicin 100 mg, one dose 30 minutes before biopsy and another one 8 hours afterwards. The 85 patients in group B were treated with the same tobramicin doses and oral ciprofloxacin 500 mg, one dose 30 minutes before biopsy and afterwards they continue with the ciprofloxacin every 12 hours during 3 days. Results: we did 71 biopsies in group A and 86 in group B. 50 (31,8%) patients had hematuria, 20 (12,7%) fever, 15 (9,5%) hemospermia, 7 (4,4%) perineal pain, one (1,2%) orchiepididymitis and another one (1,2%) urinary retention. The patients who had fever were 15 of the group A and 5 of the group B (p=0,004). A total of 15 (21,1%) patients with fever of the group A needed to be treated in the hospital and 3 patients (3,5%) of the group B (p=0,0006). E. coli growthed in 67% of the blood cultures and amoxicillin-clavulanic, tobramicin and third generation of cephalosporins were the antibiotics more eficacious. Conclusions: Prophylaxis scheme with tobramicin plus ciprofloxacin was more efficacy that tobramicina alone in transrectal prostatic biopsy. Hematuria was the most common complication. E.coli was the microorganism most frequent in infectious complications after prostatic biopsy and amoxicillin-clavulanic, tobramicin and third generation of cephalosporins the most effective antibiotics in our hospital

[Conservative surgery of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma during pregnancy]. / Cirugía conservadora del angiomiolipoma renal bilateral durante el embarazo.

The existence of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is fairly infrequent, especially when not associated with such syndromes as tuberous sclerosis or linfangioleimiomatosis. Here we present the case of a 40-year-old woman who was accidentally diagnosed at week 33rd of gestation by an ultrasound, of bilateral renal AML and that could be treated with kidney sparing conservative treatment. We have also done a review of the literature focusing on its management and its relationship with pregnancy.

[Ultrasound role in assessment of vesicoureteral reflux endoscopic treatment results]. / Papel de la ecografía en la valoración del resultado del tratamiento endoscópico del RVU.

INTRODUCTION: Since the beginning of the application of the RVU treatment, the use of the ultrasound was used taking into account two main indications/symptoms: a) identification of the complications; b) assessment of the result (visualization of the implanted material and the presence of the "uretheral jet" by means or through/of ecodoppler-color). OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of the ultrasound in the assessment of the result of the endoscopic treatment of the RVU and in the detection of its complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From 2001-2002 we have carried out the endoscopic treatment to an overall of 261 ureteral units of all degree and etiology. 246 were assessed post-operation with an ultrasound per month and all of them were evaluated with a cistography after 3 months. In a random sample of 92 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the visualization of the implanted material in the bladder; and in a random sample of 56 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the presence of ureteral jet in the study with ecodoppler-color after moisturizing of the patient. In order to do, we have done two corresponding comparative charts 2 x 2 and we have calculated the Sensibility and Specificity of the tests, as well as their predictive positive and negative values, the degree of similarity of both tests with the Kappa index, and the degree of statistical relevance with Chi squared. RESULTS: The ultrasound did not show significant changes if compared to previous studies in 213 units (86,58 %) although in 5 patients an ectasia has been identified as attributed to the treatment. 3 of this patients have developed renoureteral pain, and in 2 pain has spontaneously disappeared as shown in later tests. The S and the E of the presence of implanted material is 94% and 10%respectively and its VPP and VPN of 80% and 10% and estadistical. The S and E of the jet visualization is 82% and 30%, with a VPP of 84% and a VPN of 27%, a level of statistical relevance of 0.836 and a degree of correlation of 0.121. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is not a useful technique in the assessment of the result of the endoscopic treatment of the RVU. The role it plays in the assessment of complications is a small one and its use is only indicated to confirm the suspicion of ectasia in those patients that present renoureteral pain.

[Double J catheter loop as consequence of endourologic procedure: case report]. / Bucle intrapiélico con catéter doble J en procedimiento endourológico: a propósito de un caso.

We present a report of a patient that had a iatrogenic double J catheter loop after endourology procedure (neumatic balloon dilatation of ureteral estenosis) as well as its therapeutic management.

[Renal cancer in elderly: clinical and histopathological findings]. / Cáncer renal incidental en pacientes de edad geriátrica: hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of the CCR in our series of tumors, analyzing its impact in the group of age greater than 65 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 300 patients with renal adenocarcinoma (CCR) were studied. In 252, ploidy pattern of DNA and pathologic characteristics of the surgical pieces were done. According to the criteria of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics, the patients were divided in two groups based on the age, greater and smaller of 65 years. The clinical and pathologic characteristics were compared between both groups. RESULTS: 103 of the 300 patients (33.3%) were included in the geriatric group. We did not found differences between both groups comparing stage, tumoral volume or treatment realized, but found differences in DNA ploidy pattern, recurrences and survey. CONCLUSIONS: The RCC in the elderly has a few clinical and pathological characteristics similar to the rest of patients in our series. Nevertheless differences exist in the average and actuarial survival, which is minor in the patient of more than 65 years, cause the percentage of detected aneuploidies and number of recurrences in not confined tumors in this group of age.