ABSTRACT
This study examined the influences of semantic characteristics of objects in real-world scenes on allocation of attention as reflected in eye movement measures. Stimuli consisted of full-color photographic scenes, and within each scene, the semantic salience of two target objects was manipulated while the objects' perceptual salience was kept constant. One of the target objects was either inconsistent or consistent with the scene category. In addition, the second target object was either smoking-related or neutral. Two groups of college students, namely current cigarette smokers (N=18) and non-smokers (N=19), viewed each scene for 10s while their eye movements were recorded. While both groups showed preferential allocation of attention to inconsistent objects, smokers also selectively attended to smoking-related objects. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Subject(s)
Attention , Cues , Pattern Recognition, Visual , Smoking/psychology , Eye Movements , Female , Fixation, Ocular , Humans , Male , Reaction Time , Semantics , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Students/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to develop a high-throughput electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (HT-EIS) method for rapid and quantitative evaluation of corrosion protective coatings. A 12-element, spatially addressable electrochemical platform was designed, fabricated, and validated. This platform was interfaced to a commercial EIS instrument through an automated electronic switching unit. The HT-EIS system enables four parallel EIS measurements to be run simultaneously, which significantly reduces characterization time compared to that of serial EIS measurements using a multiplexer. The performance of the HT-EIS system was validated using a series of model systems, including a Randles equivalent circuit, an electrochemical reaction (Ti/K4FeCN6, K3FeCN6), a highly uniform polymer film, and several polymer coatings. The results of the validation studies showed that the HT-EIS system enables a major reduction in characterization time and provides high quality data comparable to data obtained with conventional, single-cell EIS measurement systems.
Subject(s)
Biomedical Engineering/methods , Coated Materials, Biocompatible , Materials Testing , Spectrum Analysis/methods , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/analysis , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/chemistry , Corrosion , Electric Impedance , Electrochemistry , Ferricyanides/chemistry , Potassium Cyanide/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , Spectrum Analysis/instrumentation , Surface Properties , Titanium/chemistryABSTRACT
The present literature review examines how physical touch has been used by therapists with their clients in traditional verbal psychotherapy. Attitudes and practices of therapists are presented in a historical context, starting with physicians' treatment of female hysteria in the 19th century, and concluding with current issues of debate. The use of touch in therapy has been highly controversial ever since Freud stated his principle of abstinence. This paper intends to give an overview of the various positions of influential therapists on the use of touch and their rationale for touching or not touching their clients, including the contextual factors that have shaped the use of touch over time. Furthermore, research findings pertinent to the use of touch in psychotherapy are included. The review concludes with practical recommendations concerning the use of touch in the contemporary therapeutic setting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
