Novel benzamide-based histamine h3 receptor antagonists: the identification of two candidates for clinical development.

The preclinical characterization of novel phenyl(piperazin-1-yl)methanones that are histamine H3 receptor antagonists is described. The compounds described are high affinity histamine H3 antagonists. Optimization of the physical properties of these histamine H3 antagonists led to the discovery of several promising lead compounds, and extensive preclinical profiling aided in the identification of compounds with optimal duration of action for wake promoting activity. This led to the discovery of two development candidates for Phase I and Phase II clinical trials.

Pharmacological characterization of a novel nonpeptide antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, NBI-42902.

Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by peptides that act at the GnRH receptor has found widespread use in clinical practice for the management of sex-steroid-dependent diseases (such as prostate cancer and endometriosis) and reproductive disorders. Efforts to develop orally available GnRH receptor antagonists have led to the discovery of a novel, potent nonpeptide antagonist, NBI-42902, that suppresses serum LH concentrations in postmenopausal women after oral administration. Here we report the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of this compound. NBI-42902 is a potent inhibitor of peptide radioligand binding to the human GnRH receptor (K(i) = 0.56 nm). Tritiated NBI-42902 binds with high affinity (K(d) = 0.19 nm) to a single class of binding sites and can be displaced by a range of peptide and nonpeptide GnRH receptor ligands. In vitro experiments demonstrate that NBI-42902 is a potent functional, competitive antagonist of GnRH stimulated IP accumulation, Ca(2+) flux, and ERK1/2 activation. It did not stimulate histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Finally, it is effective in lowering serum LH in castrated male macaques after oral administration. Overall, these data provide a benchmark of pharmacological characteristics required for a nonpeptide GnRH antagonist to effectively suppress gonadotropins in humans and suggest that NBI-42902 may have clinical utility as an oral agent for suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

3-[(2R)-Amino-2-phenylethyl]-1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)- 6-methylpyrimidin-2,4-dione (NBI 42902) as a potent and orally active antagonist of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo characterization.

Further structure-activity relationship studies of a series of substituted uracils at the 1, 3, and 5 positions resulted in the discovery of several potent antagonists of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor. Uracils bearing a side chain derived from phenylglycinol at the 3-position were shown to be orally bioavailable in monkeys. 3-[(2R)-Amino-2-phenylethyl]-1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methylpyrimidin-2,4-dione (R-13b, NBI 42902) displayed subnanomolar binding affinity (K(i) = 0.56 nM) and was a potent functional antagonist (IC(50) = 3.0 nM in Ca(2+) flux assay) at the human GnRH receptor. It also bound to the monkey GnRH receptor with high affinity (K(i) = 3.9 nM). In addition, R-13bhad good plasma exposure in cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration, with a C(max) of 737 ng/mL and an AUC of 2392 ng/mL.h at a 10 mg/kg dose. Moreover, oral administration of R-13b to castrated male cynomolgus monkeys resulted in a significant decrease in serum levels of luteinizing hormone. These results demonstrate that compounds from this series of uracils are potent GnRH antagonists with good oral bioavailability and efficacy in nonhuman primates.

3-(2-aminoalkyl)-1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-5- (2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-uracils as orally bioavailable antagonists of the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor.

Uracils possessing N-3 side chains derived from various amino alcohols were designed and synthesized as potent human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonists. The compounds herein presented displayed superior metabolic stability than their predecessor molecules. Selected compounds from this series featured good oral bioavailability in mice and cynomolgus monkeys.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-arylmethyl-5-aryl-6-methyluracils as potent gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists.

Based on the SAR from bicyclic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists such as 6-aminomethyl-7-aryl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-4-ones (5) and 2-aryl-3-aminomethyl-imidazolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-5-ones (6a,b), a series of novel uracil compounds (8) were derived as GnRH antagonists. The synthesis and SAR studies of 6-methyluracils as human GnRH receptor antagonists are discussed herein. Introduction of a small methyl substituent at the beta-position of the N3 side-chain improved the GnRH binding potency by 5-10-fold. Introduction of a methyl group of (R)-configuration at the alpha-carbon of the N-3 side-chain gave a modest improvement in binding affinity over the unsubstituted ethylene analogues. This modification enabled us to make uracil compounds without the labile 2-pyridylethyl motif on the basic nitrogen while still maintained excellent potency against the hGnRH receptor.

Identification of 1-arylmethyl-3- (2-aminoethyl)-5-aryluracil as novel gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists.

Based on SAR from bicyclic GnRH antagonists such as 6-aminomethyl-7-arylpyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-4-ones (1) and 2-aryl-3-aminomethylimidazolo[1,2-a]pyrimid-5-ones (2a,b), a series of novel uracil compounds (4) were derived as the GnRH antagonists. Their syntheses and initial SAR are discussed herein. This is the first time that monocycle-based GnRH receptor antagonists are reported.