ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the dietary intake of free-living, non-institutionalised, elderly people of Palma de Mallorca, and to evaluate their nutritional status and risk of undernutrition. DESIGN: Anthropometric and dietary survey (3-day food record), and risk of undernutrition (MNA-SF) were assessed in 230 (89 men and 141 women) free-living elderly people (average age 72.7 +/- 5.9 years) in Palma de Mallorca. RESULTS: Prevalence of undernutrition (1% in men and 5% in women), overweight (56% in men and 39% in women) and obesity (17% in men and 21% in women) were found. Mean daily energy intake (+/- SD) was 5.7 +/- 1.5 MJ in men and 5.3 +/- 1.3 MJ among women. The contribution of macronutrients to the total energy intake was different from the Recommended Intake for the elderly, since it was too derived from proteins, fats, SFA and sugars, but in only small amounts was derived from complex carbohydrates. Animal protein intake was two-thirds the total protein intake. Dietary fibre was low. Cholesterol/SFA ratio showed dietary risk of atherogenic potential. High percentages of elderly persons showed inadequate intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc, folic acid, vitamin D, and vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in dietary complex carbohydrate and fibre, a decrease in fats, especially SFA, and a balanced intake of animal/vegetable proteins and fats are recommended. Dietary supplementation, especially with calcium, vitamin C and E, and occasionally vitamin D, may be useful to improve nutritional and health status of free-living elderly people in Palma de Mallorca.
Subject(s)
Diet , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Nutrition Disorders/epidemiology , Nutritional Status , Obesity/epidemiology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anthropometry , Diet/standards , Diet Surveys , Dietary Supplements , Energy Intake , Female , Humans , Male , Minerals/administration & dosage , Nutrition Disorders/diagnosis , Nutrition Policy , Obesity/diagnosis , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Spain , Vitamins/administration & dosageABSTRACT
When the peripheral field is degraded, or 'modulated', as occurs with certain corrective lenses, identification of a peripheral image requires combined head and eye movements to place the image within a relatively clear section of the field. In such cases the time required to identify a peripheral object increases systematically. Previous experiments involving severely restricted peripheral fields (slit viewing) have indicated that the increase in identification time is primarily determined by the dynamics of the head movement. Head movement characteristics, in turn, are related to the nature of the peripheral distortion. To describe more complex peripheral distortions, a 'modulation' function is developed which provides a realistic, quantitative measure of the deficit induced by a given distortion. Modification in head movement can be traced directly to the influence of this modulation function.
Subject(s)
Optics and Photonics , Visual Fields/physiology , Electrooculography , Eye Movements , Eyeglasses , Head , Humans , MovementABSTRACT
Two cases of rare vascular lesions of kidney are reported: a patient with a renal angioma and one with an aneurysm acquired after an oster type endocarditis. Both lesions were detected after severe hemorrhage and nephrectomy was performed in each case. Exact diagnosis was dependent on histopathologic findings. The relevant literature is reviewed.
