ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends task-shifting HIV care to nurses in low-resource settings with limited numbers of physicians. However, the effect of such task-shifting on the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of people living with HIV (PLHIV) has seldom been evaluated. We aimed to investigate the effect of task-shifting HIV care to nurses on HRQL outcomes in PLHIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rural district hospitals in Cameroon. METHODS: Outcomes in PLHIV were longitudinally collected in the 2006-2010 Stratall trial. PLHIV were followed up for 24 months by nurses and/or physicians. Six HRQL dimensions were assessed during face-to-face interviews using the WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-HIV BREF scale: physical health; psychological health; independence level; social relationships; environment; and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs. The degree of task-shifting was estimated using a consultant ratio (i.e. the ratio of nurse-led to physician-led visits). The effect of task-shifting and other potential correlates on HRQL dimensions was explored using a Heckman two-stage approach based on linear mixed models to adjust for the potential bias caused by missing data in the outcomes. RESULTS: Of 1424 visits in 440 PLHIV (70.5% female; median age 36 years; median CD4 count 188 cells/µL at enrolment), 423 (29.7%) were task-shifted to nurses. After multiple adjustment, task-shifting was associated with higher HRQL level for four dimensions: physical health [coefficient 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1-1.2; P = 0.01], psychological health (coefficient 0.5; 95% CI 0.0-1.0; P = 0.05), independence level (coefficient 0.6; 95% CI 0.1-1.1; P = 0.01) and environment (coefficient 0.6; 95% CI 0.1-1.0; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Task-shifting HIV care to nurses benefits the HRQL of PLHIV. Together with the previously demonstrated comparable clinical effectiveness of physician-based and nurse-based models of HIV care, our results support the WHO recommendation for task-shifting.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/nursing , Hospitals, District/organization & administration , Monitoring, Physiologic/nursing , Quality of Life , Adult , CD4 Lymphocyte Count/economics , Cameroon/epidemiology , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Disease Progression , Female , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/economics , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Health Status , Hospitals, District/economics , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Monitoring, Physiologic/economics , Nurses , Patient Satisfaction , Physicians , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Viral Load , World Health OrganizationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The emergence of HIV drug resistance is a crucial issue in Africa, where second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is limited, expensive and complex. We assessed the association between adherence patterns and resistance emergence over time, using an adherence measure that distinguishes low adherence from treatment interruptions, in rural Cameroon. METHODS: We performed a cohort study among patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based ART in nine district hospitals, using data from the Stratall trial (2006-2010). Genotypic mutations associated with antiretroviral drug resistance were assessed when 6-monthly HIV viral loads were > 5000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. ART adherence data were collected using face-to-face questionnaires. Combined indicators of early (1-3 months) and late (6 months to t - 1; t is the time point when the resistance had been detected) adherence were constructed. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox models were used to assess the association between adherence patterns and early (at 6 months) and late (after 6 months) resistance emergence, respectively. RESULTS: Among 456 participants (71% women; median age 37 years), 45 developed HIV drug resistance (18 early and 27 late). Early low adherence (< 80%) and treatment interruptions (> 2 days) were associated with early resistance [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 8.51 (1.30-55.61) and 5.25 (1.45-18.95), respectively]. Early treatment interruptions were also associated with late resistance [adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 3.72 (1.27-10.92)]. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of HIV drug resistance on first-line NNRTI-based regimens was associated with different patterns of adherence over time. Ensuring optimal early adherence through specific interventions, adequate management of drug stocks, and viral load monitoring is a clinical and public health priority in Africa.
Subject(s)
Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , Drug Resistance, Viral , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV-1/drug effects , Medication Adherence , Adult , Anti-Retroviral Agents/pharmacology , Cameroon , Cohort Studies , Female , Genotype , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/genetics , Hospitals, District , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Time Factors , Viral LoadABSTRACT
This brief is a contribution to deliberations aiming at fostering the use of antenatal care (ANC) services by pregnant women in order to reach the optimum recommended by WHO (e.g., four prenatal visits, one per quarter including one just before delivery) within the framework of the Campaign for the Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA) in order to guarantee the critical ANC continuum that creates the environment conducive for reducing maternal and infant mortality. After the magnitude of the problem, its consequences and underlying factors, we describe three contextualized evidence-based options drawn from systematic reviews and considerations for their implementation. The specific aspects related to the quality of ANC services are to be addressed in a different brief.
