Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus).

BACKGROUND: Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS: Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT-1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B-mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S. libidinosus. RESULTS: Mean values found were as follows: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min for the STT-1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mm Hg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S. libidinosus monkeys.

Ureteroneocistostomia extravesical modificada pela sondagem ureterovesical peroperatória no autotransplante renal em cães / Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy modified by the ureterovesical probe peroperative in kidney autotransplantation in dogs

Realizou-se, em sete cães adultos, o auto transplante renal esquerdo associado à nefrectomia contralateral para avaliação da técnica de ureteroneocistostomia extravesical modificada pela sondagem ureterovesical peroperatória. Durante a sutura do ureter na bexiga, foi mantida uma sonda uretral na região da anastomose ureterovesical, o que facilitou a realização da técnica cirúrgica e permitiu a confecção de anastomose de diâmetro adequado. A avaliação do rim transplantado e do ureter correspondente foi feita mediante ultra-sonografia a cada sete dias durante as seis primeiras semanas de pós-operatório, período em que também se fez o exame clínico diário de todos os animais. No último dia (42°) da avaliação a curto prazo, realizou-se a urografia excretora. Em seguida, manteve-se acompanhamento clínico periódico dos sete cães por um período mínimo de quatro meses, sem que fosse detectada qualquer alteração digna de nota. A técnica de reconstrução do trato urinário utilizada mostrou-se eficiente, não se observando nenhuma complicação urológica no pós-operatório de todos os animais.

To test a modified extravesical ureteroneocystostomy using a urethral probe like a stent just on the peroperative time, seven adult mongrel dogs underwent bilateral nephrectomy followed by unilateral autotransplantation. The other kidney was discarded. The evaluation of the animals was made by ultrasonography and clinical exams for the first six weeks after the surgery. The excretory urography was made on the end of this period. Then, the clinical exams were done by at least four months in each dog, without any complication. The technique of urinary tract reconstruction was considered efficient, without urological complications on the postoperative time of all the dogs.

Analgesic effects of epidurally administered levogyral ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of epidurally administered levogyral (S[+]) ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: 30 dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Dogs in group 1 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg), dogs in group 2 received S(+) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg), and dogs in group 3 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.025 mg/kg). The skin was incised 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gases were obtained before anesthesia, 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation of surgery, and at the end of surgery. During the intraoperative period, an increase of > or =20% in baseline values for HR, RR, and SBP was considered a sign of intraoperative pain. Signs of pain and adverse effects were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in intraoperative or postoperative measurements among the 3 groups. No dogs had intraoperative signs of pain. Mean postoperative pain assessment scores were <3.5 in all 3 groups. Salivation was the most frequent adverse effect in dogs in groups 1 and 3, and sedation occurred more frequently in dogs in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All 3 analgesic regimens provided good respiratory and cardiovascular stability intraoperatively and adequate postoperative analgesia with minimal adverse effects.

Mensuração de pressão venosa central por meio de cateteres venosos central e periférico: comparação entre os valores obtidos em cães e elaboração de índice de correção / Measurement of central venous Pressure by mean of central and peripheric catheters: comparison among the obtained vallues in dogs and elaboration of a correction index

A Pressão Venosa Central (PVC) é a pressão de retorno do sangue ao lado direito do coração e é um importante parâmetro a ser aferido em numerosas situações clínicas, cirúrgicas e experimentais. Para sua realização, utiliza-se um Cateter Venoso Central (CVC) aplicado na veia jugular. Em virtude de este ser um aparato intravenoso de alto custo, optou-se por testar a validade de se aferir a PVC com um Cateter Venoso Periférico (CVP) aplicado à mesma veia, o qual apresenta custo reduzido. Como resultado, a medida da PVC, tomada com o CVC, deve sofrer um índice de redução, chegando-se, assim, ao valor da PVC que seria obtido com o uso do CVC. Os resultados deste estudo permitem concluir que o CVP é apropriado para a aferição da PVC em cães.

Epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the analgesic, physiologic, and behavioral effects of the epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized experimental study. ANIMALS: Five adult, healthy horses aged 10-16 years and weighing (mean +/- SD) 400 +/- 98 kg. METHODS: The horses were sedated with 1.0 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) xylazine, and an epidural catheter was placed into the first intercoccygeal intervertebral space. After a 48-hour resting period, epidural tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.5 mg kg(-1) (treatment I) or 1.0 mg kg(-1) (treatment II), diluted up to 5 mL in sterile water, was administered with a 1-week interval between the treatments. Heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, and sedation were evaluated. In order to evaluate the respiratory effects, blood from the carotid artery was withdrawn at time 0 (baseline), and then after 60 and 240 minutes. Analgesia was evaluated by applying a noxious stimulus with blunt-tipped forceps on the perineal region, and graded as complete, moderate, or absent. Data were collected before tiletamine/zolazepam administration and at 15-minute intervals for 120 minutes, and 4 hours after tiletamine/zolazepam administration. Data were analyzed with anova and Bonferroni's test with p < 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference between treatments in cardiovascular and respiratory measurements. Sedation was observed with both doses, and it was significantly different from baseline at 60, 75, and 90 minutes in treatment II. Moderate analgesia and locomotor ataxia were observed with both the treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results suggest that caudal epidural 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) tiletamine/zolazepam increases the threshold to pressure stimulation in the perineal region in horses. The use of epidural tiletamine/zolazepam could be indicated for short-term moderate epidural analgesia. There are no studies examining spinal toxicity of Telazol, and further studies are necessary before recommending clinical use of this technique.

In vivo analysis of post space sealing with different adhesive materials / Análise in vivo do selamento do canal protético com diferentes materiais adesivos

Esse estudo in vivo analisou a capacidade de selamento do canal protético com dois adesivos, o Super Bonder© (Henkel Loctite Adesivos Ltda., Itapevi, SP) e o Scotchbond© Multi-Purpose (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, EUA), testando a hipótese de que a aplicação desses adesivos resulta em menor infiltração de corante no material obturador remanescente. Quarenta dentes pré-molares (80 canais) de cães foram obturados pela técnica da condensação lateral usando o cimento endodôntico Sealer 26©. O canal protético foi preparado removendo-se 2/3 da obturação do canal radicular. Os canais preparados foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em três grupos: no grupo A, foi realizado o selamento do canal protético com o adesivo dentinário; no grupo B, esta impermeabilização foi realizada com o Super Bonder©; e no grupo C, controle, não foi aplicado qualquer material às paredes do canal protético. Os dentes foram selados, provisoriamente, com cimento de ionômero de vidro por 72 horas, objetivando a presa do cimento endodôntico. Removido o selamento coronário, os canais ficaram expostos ao meio bucal por 45 dias, quando os cães foram mortos e os maxilares removidos. Tinta nanquim foi colocada no canal protético e os dentes foram selados por 96 horas. Depois de extraídos, os dentes foram seccionados na região da furca e cada raiz alocada em seu respectivo grupo. Feita a diafanização, foi realizada a análise quantitativa da infiltração do corante com lupa esteroscópica. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças entre os três grupos experimentais, negando a hipótese inicial. Houve infiltração do corante no remanescente obturador de todas as raízes analisadas.

In vivo analysis of post space sealing with different adhesive materials.

This in vivo study analyzed the sealing ability of two adhesives in post spaces, cyanoacrylate (Super Bonder® - Henkel Loctite Adesivos Ltda., Itapevi, SP, Brazil) and ScotchbondTM Multi-Purpose (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA), testing the hypothesis that their use would result in a decreased leakage through the remaining filling material. Forty extracted premolars (80 root canals) of dogs were used. The root canals were cleaned, shaped and filled by the lateral condensation technique using Sealer 26TM. The post space was created removing two thirds of the filling material within the root canal. The canals were randomly divided in three groups, which were treated as follows: Group A received the ScotchbondTM Multi-Purpose adhesive system; for Group B the cyanoacrylate adhesive, Super BonderTM, was employed; and no adhesive was applied into the post space for Group C (control group). A glass ionomer provisional restoration was placed allowing the sealer to set for 72 hours. Then the restoration was removed and the root canal was exposed to the oral environment for 45 days. The dogs were then killed and their jaws were removed. The post spaces were filled with India ink and the teeth were restored for 96 hours. Afterwards, the teeth were extracted and the roots were sectioned at the furcation for allocation to their specific groups. The teeth were turned transparent and the quantitative analysis of leakage was performed using light microscopy. The results showed no significant differences between groups, rejecting the initial hypothesis. Leakage occurred in a great extent in all specimens. Therefore, sealing post spaces with the adhesives used in this study was not an effective method to prevent microleakage.