Skap2 is required for ß2 integrin-mediated neutrophil recruitment and functions.

Integrin activation is required for neutrophil functions. Impaired integrin activation on neutrophils is the hallmark of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome in humans, characterized by impaired leukocyte recruitment and recurrent infections. The Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 (Skap2) is involved in integrin functions in different leukocyte subtypes. However, the role of Skap2 in ß2 integrin activation and neutrophil recruitment is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate the crucial role of Skap2 in regulating actin polymerization and binding of talin-1 and kindlin-3 to the ß2 integrin cytoplasmic domain, thereby being indispensable for ß2 integrin activation and neutrophil recruitment. The direct interaction of Skap2 with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein via its SH3 domain is critical for integrin activation and neutrophil recruitment in vivo. Furthermore, Skap2 regulates integrin-mediated outside-in signaling events and neutrophil functions. Thus, Skap2 is essential to activate the ß2 integrins, and loss of Skap2 function is sufficient to cause a LAD-like phenotype in mice.

The Neutrophil Btk Signalosome Regulates Integrin Activation during Sterile Inflammation.

Neutrophils are recruited from the blood to sites of sterile inflammation, where they are involved in wound healing but can also cause tissue damage. During sterile inflammation, necrotic cells release pro-inflammatory molecules including formylated peptides. However, the signaling pathway triggered by formylated peptides to integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment is unknown. By using spinning-disk confocal intravital microscopy, we examined the molecular mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment to sites of focal hepatic necrosis in vivo. We demonstrated that the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) was required for multiple Mac-1 activation events involved in neutrophil recruitment and functions during sterile inflammation triggered by fMLF. The Src family kinase Hck, Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome protein, and phospholipase Cγ2 were also involved in this pathway required for fMLF-triggered Mac-1 activation and neutrophil recruitment. Thus, we have identified a neutrophil Btk signalosome that is involved in a signaling pathway triggered by formylated peptides leading to the selective activation of Mac-1 and neutrophil recruitment during sterile inflammation.

Cross-Talk between Shp1 and PIPKIγ Controls Leukocyte Recruitment.

Neutrophil recruitment to the site of inflammation plays a pivotal role in host defense. However, overwhelming activation and accumulation of neutrophils in the tissue may cause tissue damage and autoimmunity due to the release of cytokines, oxidants, and proteases. Neutrophil adhesion in acute inflammation is initiated by activation of αLß2 (LFA-1), which can be induced by rolling on E-selectin (slowly) or by exposure to the chemokine CXCL1 (rapidly). Despite the clinical importance, cell-intrinsic molecular mechanisms of negative regulation of integrin adhesiveness and neutrophil recruitment are poorly understood. Mice deficient in the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (Shp1) show increased leukocyte adhesion, but the interpretation of these data is limited by the severe global phenotype of these mice. In this study, we used mice with global and myeloid-restricted deletion of Shp1 to study neutrophil arrest, adhesion, crawling, and transendothelial migration in vitro and in vivo. Shp1 deficiency results in increased neutrophil adhesion in vivo; however, neutrophil crawling, transmigration, and chemotaxis were reduced in these mice. Mechanistically, Shp1 binds and controls PIPKIγ activity and, thereby, modulates phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate levels and adhesion. Thus, Shp1 is involved in the deactivation of integrins and regulation of neutrophil recruitment into inflamed tissue.

The PSGL-1-L-selectin signaling complex regulates neutrophil adhesion under flow.

Neutrophils are recruited from the blood to sites of inflammation, where they contribute to immune defense but may also cause tissue damage. During inflammation, neutrophils roll along the microvascular endothelium before arresting and transmigrating. Arrest requires conformational activation of the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), which can be induced by selectin engagement. Here, we demonstrate that a subset of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) molecules is constitutively associated with L-selectin. Although this association does not require the known lectin-like interaction between L-selectin and PSGL-1, the signaling output is dependent on this interaction and the cytoplasmic tail of L-selectin. The PSGL-1-L-selectin complex signals through Src family kinases, ITAM domain-containing adaptor proteins, and other kinases to ultimately result in LFA-1 activation. The PSGL-1-L-selectin complex-induced signaling effects on neutrophil slow rolling and recruitment in vivo demonstrate the functional importance of this pathway. We conclude that this is a signaling complex specialized for sensing adhesion under flow.