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1.
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol ; 69(3): 416-24, 2014 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24852494

ABSTRACT

According to EU Regulation No. 1223/2009/CE cosmetic products for daily use can contain 'technically unavoidable traces' of metals. This definition is too vague. Authorities should set well-defined limits, considering the risks associated with metal contamination of personal care products (PCPs). This paper characterizes the risk arising from a number of metals (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, nickel, lead) that may occur in 'unavoidable traces" in raw materials and, consequently, in PCPs. A 'worst case scenario' was adopted, based on the following assumptions: (i) the individual ingredients contained the maximum amount in traces allowed for each metal; (ii) the hypothetical PCP was produced exclusively with that single ingredient; (iii) when absorption through the skin was not known, data related to oral absorption were used. Risk characterization was performed calculating the Systemic Exposure Dosage (SED) and the Margin of Safety (MoS=NOAEL or BMDL10/SED). Exposure to the allegedly 'technically unavoidable' maximum amounts of metals in cosmetic ingredients resulted in MoSs exceeding 100 (safety threshold) with one exception. This suggests that the availability of experimental dermal absorption rates could enable significant improvement in MoS, thus increasing safety levels. Although results are reassuring, the authors recommend minimization of contamination, according to the state of the art of manufacturing methods.


Subject(s)
Cosmetics/analysis , Cosmetics/chemistry , Metals/adverse effects , Metals/chemistry , Consumer Product Safety , Humans , Risk Assessment , Safety , Skin/drug effects
2.
J Agric Food Chem ; 58(11): 6678-84, 2010 Jun 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20446732

ABSTRACT

Lignan-rich whole-grain cereals, beans, berries, and nuts show protective effects against a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer. Lignans are converted by intestinal microflora to enterolactone (EL) and its oxidation product enterodiol (ED). To investigate the immunomodulatory effect of EL and ED in human cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes were treated with increasing physiologically relevant concentrations of EL and ED (0-1000 microM) and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. A dose-related inhibition of cell proliferation and cytokine production was observed, with EL being the most active. Molecular investigations in THP-1 cells showed that both EL and ED prevented inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) degradation and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, which in turn resulted in decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production. EL and ED were also able to pass the intestinal barrier and modulate cytokine production. The findings of the present study reveal potential mechanisms that could explain some in vivo beneficial effects of lignans.


Subject(s)
4-Butyrolactone/analogs & derivatives , Immunologic Factors/pharmacology , Lignans/pharmacology , Lymphocytes/immunology , NF-kappa B/immunology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , 4-Butyrolactone/immunology , 4-Butyrolactone/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Humans , Immunologic Factors/immunology , Lignans/immunology , Lymphocytes/cytology , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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