Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic management of the critical patient: introduction, methodology and list of recommendations. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC). / Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: introducción, metodología y listado de recomendaciones. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC).

The Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) has reviewed and updated the recommendations for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in critically ill patients published by the Group in 2011, with the primary aim of helping decision making in daily clinical practice. The recommendations have been formulated by an expert panel with broad experience in nutritional and metabolic support in critically ill patients, and were drafted between March 2016 and February 2019. A level of evidence has been provided for each of the recommendations, based on the GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group). A grade of recommendation has also been produced, taking into account the clinical impact of the recommendation, regardless of the level of evidence established by the GRADE scale.

Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: introducción, metodología y listado de recomendaciones. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) / Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic management of the critical patient: introduction, methodology and list of recommendations. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)

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[Recommendations of the Working Groups from the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) for the management of adult critically ill patients in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)]. / Recomendaciones de «hacer¼ y «no hacer¼ en el tratamiento de los pacientes críticos ante la pandemia por coronavirus causante de COVID-19 de los Grupos de Trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC).

On March 11, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) as a pandemic. The spread and evolution of the pandemic is overwhelming the healthcare systems of dozens of countries and has led to a myriad of opinion papers, contingency plans, case series and emerging trials. Covering all this literature is complex. Briefly and synthetically, in line with the previous recommendations of the Working Groups, the Spanish Society of Intensive, Critical Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC) has prepared this series of basic recommendations for patient care in the context of the pandemic.

Relationship between intra-abdominal hypertension, outcome and the revised Atlanta and determinant-based classifications in acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) measured by the revised Atlanta classification (RAC) and determinant-based classification (DBC). Secondary objectives were to assess IAH as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the ICU. METHODS: This prospective international observational study included patients admitted to the ICU with AP and at least one organ failure. Information was collected on demographics, severity scores at admission using RAC and DBC, organ failure, mechanical ventilation, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), surgery and mortality. Maximum intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) during ICU stay was used for analysis. RESULTS: Some 374 patients were included. The hospital mortality rate was 28·9 per cent. IAP was measured in 301 patients (80·5 per cent), of whom 274 (91·0 per cent) had IAH and 103 (34·2 per cent) acute compartment syndrome. A higher IAH grade was more likely in patients with severe AP (42 per cent for grade I versus 84 per cent for grade IV) and acute critical pancreatitis (9 versus 25 per cent; P = 0·001). Compared with grade I IAH, patients with grade IV had more infected necrosis (16 versus 28 per cent; P = 0·005), need for surgery (27 versus 50 per cent; P = 0·006), mechanical ventilation (53 versus 84 per cent; P = 0·007) and requirement for CRRT (22 versus 66 per cent; P < 0·001). IAH predicted shock (area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) 0·79, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 0·84), respiratory failure (AUC 0·82, 0·77 to 0·87), renal failure (AUC 0·93, 0·89 to 0·96) and mortality (AUC 0·89, 0·86 to 0·93). CONCLUSION: IAH was associated with severity of AP classified according to both RAC and DBC systems. IAP grade can predict outcome of AP during ICU stay.

SEMICYUC 2012. Recommendations for intensive care management of acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: Significant changes in the management of acute pancreatitis have taken place since the 2004 Pamplona Consensus Conference. The objective of this conference has been the revision and updating of the Conference recommendations, in order to unify the integral management of potentially severe acute pancreatitis in an ICU. PARTICIPANTS: Spanish and international intensive medicine physicians, radiologists, surgeons, gastroenterologists, emergency care physicians and other physicians involved in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE AND GRADES OF RECOMMENDATION: The GRADE method has been used for drawing them up. DRAWING UP THE RECOMMENDATIONS: The selection of the committee members was performed by means of a public announcement. The bibliography has been revised from 2004 to the present day and 16 blocks of questions on acute pancreatitis in a ICU have been drawn up. Firstly, all the questions according to groups have been drawn up in order to prepare one document. This document has been debated and agreed upon by computer at the SEMICYUC Congress and lastly at the Consensus Conference which was held with the sole objective of drawing up these recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty two recommendations for acute pancreatitis management in an ICU have been presented. Of these 84 recommendations, we would emphasize the new determinants-based classification of acute pancreatitis severity, new surgical techniques and nutritional recommendations. Note. This summary only lists the 84 recommendations of the 16 questions blocks except blocks greater relevance and impact of its novelty or because they modify the current management.

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Severe acute pancreatitis / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Pancreatitis aguda grave

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) causes local and systemic complications leading to high catabolic, hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic stress states with marked morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, nutritional support has become a key element in the treatment of SAP. Thus, specialized nutrition is indicated from admission, with enteral nutrition being preferred to parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition should be initiated early using infusion through the jejunum beyond the ligament of Treitz to minimize pancreatic stress. There are no specific studies that establish the type of diet to be used but experts recommend the use of polymeric diets. Parenteral nutrition, without a specific formula, is indicated in patients with SAP who are intolerant to enteral nutrition or when the clinical signs of pancreatitis are exacerbated or aggravated by enteral nutrition. Evenso, a minimal level of enteral infusion should be maintained to preserve the trophic effect of the intestinal mucosa. In the last few years, several studies of the administration of immunomodulatory diets in patients with SAP have been carried out to demonstrate their effects on the course of the disease. However, there are few clear recommendations on the prognostic benefits of pharmaconutrient enriched diets in these patients. There is substantial scientific evidence suggesting that the only clear indication for pharmaconutrition in patients with SAP is parenteral glutamine administration, which is recommended by all clinical guidelines with distinct grades of evidence (AU)

La pancreatitis aguda grave es una patología que cursa con complicaciones locales y sistémicas que condicionan una situación de estrés altamente catabólica, hipermetabólica e hiperdinámica con marcada morbimortalidad. En la última década, el soporte nutricional se ha convertido en uno de los puntos clave en el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda grave. Así, hay indicación de nutrición especializada desde el ingreso, siendo de elección la nutrición enteral sobre la nutrición parenteral administrada de forma precoz más allá del ligamento de treitz, para provocar el mínimo estímulo pancreático. No hay estudios específicos que nos aclaren cuál es el tipo de dieta a administrar, pero los expertos recomiendan la utilización de dietas poliméricas. La nutrición parenteral, sin una fórmula concreta, quedaría indicada en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave que presentan intolerancia a la nutrición enteral o cuando se agravan los signos clínicos de pancreatitis al administrar la dieta enteral. Aun así, se recomienda mantener una mínima perfusión de nutrición enteral para preservar el efecto trófico de la mucosa intestinal. En los últimos años se han realizado numerosos trabajos referentes a la administración de dietas inmunomoduladoras en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave, con la finalidad de objetivar cambios en su evolución. Sin embargo, hay pocas recomendaciones claras en cuanto a los beneficios pronósticos de la administración de dietas enriquecidas en fármaco nutrientes, específicamente en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave. Sustentada por una evidencia científica relevante, el aporte de glutamina por vía parenteral en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave parece ser la única indicación clara de fármaco nutrición en pancreatitis aguda grave recomendando su uso todas las guías de referencia para la práctica clínica con diferentes grados de evidencia (AU)

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Gastrointestinal surgery / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Cirugía del aparato digestivo

Gastrointestinal surgery and critical illness placetremendous stress on the body, resulting in a series of metabolic changes that may lead to severe malnutrition, which in turn can increase postsurgical complications and morbidity and mortality and prolong the hospital length of stay. In these patients, parenteral nutrition is the most widely used form of nutritional support, but administration of enteral nutrition early in the postoperative periodis effective and well tolerated, reducing infectious complications, improving wound healing and reducing length of hospital stay. Calorie-protein requirements do not differ from those in other critically-ill patients and depend on the patient’s underlying process and degree of metabolic stress. In patients intolerant to enteral nutrition, especially if the intolerance is due to increased gastric residual volume, prokinetic agents can be used to optimize calorie intake. When proximal sutures are used, tubes allowing early jejunal feeding should be used. Pharmaco nutrition is indicated in these patients, who benefit from enteral administration of arginine, omega 3and RNA, as well as parenteral glutamine supplementation. Parenteral nutrition should be started in patients with absolute contraindication for use of the gastrointestinal tract or as complementary nutrition if adequate energy intake is not achieved through the enteral route (AU)

El estrés de la cirugía gastrointestinal y la enfermedad crítica representan una gran agresión sobre el organismo, lo que ocasiona una serie de cambios metabólicos que pueden conducir a una situación de desnutrición grave, con aumento de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas, mayor morbimortalidad y prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria. En estos enfermos la nutrición parenteral es la más utilizada, pero se ha visto que la nutrición enteral administrada de forma precoz en el postoperatorio es efectiva y bien tolerada, con disminución de las complicaciones infecciosas, mejoría de la cicatrización de las heridas y menor estancia hospitalaria. Las necesidades calórico proteicas no difieren de las de otros pacientes críticos, y dependerán de la patología basal del paciente y de su grado de estrés metabólico. En caso de intolerancia a la nutrición enteral, en especial si se debe al aumento del residuo gástrico, se deben utilizar procinéticos para optimizar el aporte calórico. Encaso de suturas proximales se debe recurrir a la colocación de sondas que permitan la nutrición en yeyuno deforma precoz. La fármaco nutrición tiene efectos beneficiosos en este tipo de enfermos, con indicación de mezclas de arginina, omega 3 y RNA por vía enteral, así como la suplementación con glutamina en nutrición parenteral. La nutrición parenteral deberá iniciarse en los pacientes con contraindicación absoluta para la utilización del tracto gastrointestinal, o como nutrición complementaria si no se consigue un aporte calórico adecuado por víaenteral (AU)

Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Pancreatitis aguda grave / Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically ill-patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): Severe acute pancreatitis

La pancreatitis aguda grave es una patología que cursa con complicaciones locales y sistémicas que condicionan una situación de estrés altamente catabólica, hipermetabólica e hiperdinámica con marcada morbimortalidad. En la última década, el soporte nutricional se ha convertido en uno de los puntos clave en el tratamiento de la pancreatitis aguda grave. Así, hay indicación de nutrición especializada desde el ingreso, siendo de elección la nutrición enteral sobre la nutrición parenteral administrada de forma precoz más allá del ligamento de Treitz, para provocar el mínimo estímulo pancreático. No hay estudios específicos que nos aclaren cuál es el tipo de dieta a administrar, pero los expertos recomiendan la utilización de dietas poliméricas. La nutrición parenteral, sin una fórmula concreta, quedaría indicada en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave que presentan intolerancia a la nutrición enteral o cuando se agravan los signos clínicos de pancreatitis al administrar la dieta enteral. Aun así, se recomienda mantener una mínima perfusión de nutrición enteral para preservar el efecto trófico de la mucosa intestinal. En los últimos años se han realizado numerosos trabajos referentes a la administración de dietas inmunomoduladoras en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave, con la finalidad de objetivar cambios en su evolución. Sin embargo, hay pocas recomendaciones claras en cuanto a los beneficios pronósticos de la administración de dietas enriquecidas en farmaconutrientes, específicamente en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave. Sustentada por una evidencia científica relevante, el aporte de glutamina por vía parenteral en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave parece ser la única indicación clara de farmaconutrición en pancreatitis aguda grave recomendando su uso todas las guías de referencia para la práctica clínica con diferentes grados de evidencia (AU)

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) causes local and systemic complications leading to high catabolic, hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic stress states with marked morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, nutritional support has become a key element in the treatment of SAP. Thus, specialized nutrition is indicated from admission, with enteral nutrition being preferred to parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition should be initiated early using infusion through the jejunum beyond the ligament of Treitz to minimize pancreatic stress. There are no specific studies that establish the type of diet to be used but experts recommend the use of polymeric diets. Parenteral nutrition, without a specific formula, is indicated in patients with SAP who are intolerant to enteral nutrition or when the clinical signs of pancreatitis are exacerbated or aggravated by enteral nutrition. Even so, a minimal level of enteral infusion should be maintained to preserve the trophic effect of the intestinal mucosa. In the last few years, several studies of the administration of immunomodulatory diets in patients with SAP have been carried out to demonstrate their effects on the course of the disease. However, there are few clear recommendations on the prognostic benefits of pharmaco nutrient enriched diets in these patients. There is substantial scientific evidence suggesting that the only clear indication for pharmaco nutrition in patients with SAP is parenteral glutamine administration, which is recommended by all clinical guidelines with distinct grades of evidence (AU)

Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: Cirugía del aparato digestivo / Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): Gastrointestinal surgery

El estrés de la cirugía gastrointestinal y la enfermedad crítica representan una gran agresión sobre el organismo, lo que ocasiona una serie de cambios metabólicos que pueden conducir a una situación de desnutrición grave, con aumento de las complicaciones posquirúrgicas, mayor morbimortalidad y prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria. En estos enfermos la nutrición parenteral es la más utilizada, pero se ha visto que la nutrición enteral administrada de forma precoz en el postoperatorio es efectiva y bien tolerada, con disminución de las complicaciones infecciosas, mejoría de la cicatrización de las heridas y menor estancia hospitalaria. Las necesidades calórico proteicas no difieren de las de otros pacientes críticos, y dependerán de la patología basal del paciente y de su grado de estrés metabólico. En caso de intolerancia a la nutrición enteral, en especial si se debe al aumento del residuo gástrico, se deben utilizar procinéticos para optimizar el aporte calórico. En caso de suturas proximales se debe recurrir a la colocación de sondas que permitan la nutrición en yeyuno de forma precoz. La farmaconutrición tiene efectos beneficiosos en este tipo de enfermos, con indicación de mezclas de arginina, omega 3 y RNA por vía enteral, así como la suplementación con glutamina en nutrición parenteral. La nutrición parenteral deberá iniciarse en los pacientes con contraindicación absoluta para la utilización del tracto gastrointestinal, o como nutrición complementaria si no se consigue un aporte calórico adecuado por vía enteral (AU)

Gastrointestinal surgery and critical illness place tremendous stress on the body, resulting in a series of metabolic changes that may lead to severe malnutrition, which in turn can increase postsurgical complications and morbidity and mortality and prolong the hospital length of stay. In these patients, parenteral nutrition is the most widely used form of nutritional support, but administration of enteral nutrition early in the postoperative period is effective and well tolerated, reducing infectious complications, improving wound healing and reducing length of hospital stay. Calorie-protein requirements do not differ from those in other critically-ill patients and depend on the patient’s underlying process and degree of metabolic stress. In patients intolerant to enteral nutrition, especially if the intolerance is due to increased gastric residual volume, prokinetic agents can be used to optimize calorie intake. When proximal sutures are used, tubes allowing early jejunal feeding should be used. Pharmaconutrition is indicated in these patients, who benefit from enteral administration of arginine, omega 3 and RNA, as well as parenteral glutamine supplementation. Parenteral nutrition should be started in patients with absolute contraindication for use of the gastrointestinal tract or as complementary nutrition if adequate energy intake is not achieved through the enteral route (AU)

[Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically ill-patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): severe acute pancreatitis]. / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: pancreatitis aguda grave.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) causes local and systemic complications leading to high catabolic, hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic stress states with marked morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, nutritional support has become a key element in the treatment of SAP. Thus, specialized nutrition is indicated from admission, with enteral nutrition being preferred to parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition should be initiated early using infusion through the jejunum beyond the ligament of Treitz to minimize pancreatic stress. There are no specific studies that establish the type of diet to be used but experts recommend the use of polymeric diets. Parenteral nutrition, without a specific formula, is indicated in patients with SAP who are intolerant to enteral nutrition or when the clinical signs of pancreatitis are exacerbated or aggravated by enteral nutrition. Even so, a minimal level of enteral infusion should be maintained to preserve the trophic effect of the intestinal mucosa. In the last few years, several studies of the administration of immunomodulatory diets in patients with SAP have been carried out to demonstrate their effects on the course of the disease. However, there are few clear recommendations on the prognostic benefits of pharmaconutrient enriched diets in these patients. There is substantial scientific evidence suggesting that the only clear indication for pharmaconutrition in patients with SAP is parenteral glutamine administration, which is recommended by all clinical guidelines with distinct grades of evidence.

[Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus of the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units-Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SEMICYUC-SENPE): gastrointestinal surgery]. / Recomendaciones para el soporte nutricional y metabólico especializado del paciente crítico. Actualización. Consenso SEMICYUC-SENPE: cirugía del aparato digestivo.

Gastrointestinal surgery and critical illness place tremendous stress on the body, resulting in a series of metabolic changes that may lead to severe malnutrition, which in turn can increase postsurgical complications and morbidity and mortality and prolong the hospital length of stay. In these patients, parenteral nutrition is the most widely used form of nutritional support, but administration of enteral nutrition early in the postoperative period is effective and well tolerated, reducing infectious complications, improving wound healing and reducing length of hospital stay. Calorie-protein requirements do not differ from those in other critically-ill patients and depend on the patient's underlying process and degree of metabolic stress. In patients intolerant to enteral nutrition, especially if the intolerance is due to increased gastric residual volume, prokinetic agents can be used to optimize calorie intake. When proximal sutures are used, tubes allowing early jejunal feeding should be used. Pharmaconutrition is indicated in these patients, who benefit from enteral administration of arginine, omega 3 and RNA, as well as parenteral glutamine supplementation. Parenteral nutrition should be started in patients with absolute contraindication for use of the gastrointestinal tract or as complementary nutrition if adequate energy intake is not achieved through the enteral route.

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient: update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: severe acute pancreatitis.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) causes local and systemic complications leading to high catabolic, hypermetabolic and hyperdynamic stress states with marked morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, nutritional support has become a key element in the treatment of SAP. Thus, specialized nutrition is indicated from admission, with enteral nutrition being preferred to parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition should be initiated early using infusion through the jejunum beyond the ligament of Treitz to minimize pancreatic stress. There are no specific studies that establish the type of diet to be used but experts recommend the use of polymeric diets. Parenteral nutrition, without a specific formula, is indicated in patients with SAP who are intolerant to enteral nutrition or when the clinical signs of pancreatitis are exacerbated or aggravated by enteral nutrition. Even so, a minimal level of enteral infusion should be maintained to preserve the trophic effect of the intestinal mucosa. In the last few years, several studies of the administration of immunomodulatory diets in patients with SAP have been carried out to demonstrate their effects on the course of the disease. However, there are few clear recommendations on the prognostic benefits of pharmaconutrient enriched diets in these patients. There is substantial scientific evidence suggesting that the only clear indication for pharmaconutrition in patients with SAP is parenteral glutamine administration, which is recommended by all clinical guidelines with distinct grades of evidence.

Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient: update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: gastrointestinal surgery.

Gastrointestinal surgery and critical illness place tremendous stress on the body, resulting in a series of metabolic changes that may lead to severe malnutrition, which in turn can increase postsurgical complications and morbidity and mortality and prolong the hospital length of stay. In these patients, parenteral nutrition is the most widely used form of nutritional support, but administration of enteral nutrition early in the postoperative period is effective and well tolerated, reducing infectious complications, improving wound healing and reducing length of hospital stay. Calorie-protein requirements do not differ from those in other critically-ill patients and depend on the patient's underlying process and degree of metabolic stress. In patients intolerant to enteral nutrition, especially if the intolerance is due to increased gastric residual volume, prokinetic agents can be used to optimize calorie intake. When proximal sutures are used, tubes allowing early jejunal feeding should be used. Pharmaconutrition is indicated in these patients, who benefit from enteral administration of arginine, omega 3 and RNA, as well as parenteral glutamine supplementation. Parenteral nutrition should be started in patients with absolute contraindication for use of the gastrointestinal tract or as complementary nutrition if adequate energy intake is not achieved through the enteral route.