Intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration in routine clinical practice in Latin America: the AQUILA study.

BACKGROUND: AQUILA (NCT03470103) was a prospective, observational, 12-month cohort study evaluating treatment patterns, clinical effectiveness, and safety of intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) in patients from Latin America with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: Treatment-naïve and previously treated (switching to IVT-AFL) patients (aged ≥ 55 years) were enrolled from March 2018, with a primary completion date of September 2020, from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Patients received IVT-AFL in a routine clinical practice setting. RESULTS: Of 274 patients in the full analysis set, 201 were treatment-naïve and 73 had received previous treatment. The mean ± standard deviation number of IVT-AFL injections received by month 12 was 4.2 ± 1.9 (treatment-naïve) and 5.2 ± 2.7 (previously treated). The median duration from diagnosis to IVT-AFL treatment was 1.2 months (treatment-naïve) and 19.5 months (previously treated). Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS] letters) improved from baseline to month 12 by + 5.2 ± 18.3 (treatment-naïve; baseline: 48.2 ± 23.5) and + 3.1 ± 15.3 letters (previously treated; baseline: 47.7 ± 21.4). CONCLUSION: AQUILA is the first study to assess the use of IVT-AFL in routine clinical practice in Latin America. Mean BCVA and other visual acuity outcomes improved in both treatment groups, despite many patients not receiving the IVT-AFL label-recommended regimen of three initial monthly doses, or seven or more injections in 12 months. Patients who did receive the label-recommended number of injections had numerically greater improvements in visual acuity outcomes. Patients with nAMD treated regularly and more frequently with IVT-AFL, therefore, have the potential to achieve outcomes consistent with those observed in interventional studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03470103. Registered February 5, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03470103.

Intravitreal aflibercept for the treatment of patients with diabetic macular edema in routine clinical practice in Latin America: the AQUILA study.

BACKGROUND: AQUILA (NCT03470103) was a prospective, observational, 12-month cohort study to understand treatment patterns and to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) in patients from Latin America with diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: Treatment-naïve and previously treated (switching to IVT-AFL) patients (aged ≥ 18 years) were enrolled from March 2018, with a primary completion date of September 2020, from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica and Mexico. Patients received IVT-AFL in a routine clinical practice setting. RESULTS: Of 258 patients in the full analysis set, 181 were treatment-naïve and 77 had received previous treatment. The mean ± standard deviation number of IVT-AFL injections by Month 12 was 3.7 ± 1.8 (treatment-naïve) and 4.0 ± 2.2 (previously treated). The median duration from diagnosis to IVT-AFL treatment was 1.8 months (treatment-naïve) and 16.0 months (previously treated). Mean best-corrected visual acuity (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) improved from baseline to Month 12 by + 8.1 ± 17.7 (treatment-naïve; baseline: 54.5 ± 19.4) and + 4.6 ± 15.4 letters (previously treated; baseline: 52.9 ± 18.6). CONCLUSION: AQUILA is the first study to assess the use of IVT-AFL in routine clinical practice in Latin America. Despite few patients being treated with the label-recommended regimen of 5 initial monthly doses or receiving ≥ 8 injections in 12 months, functional and anatomic visual outcomes improved during 12 months of treatment with IVT-AFL. Patients receiving the label-recommended number of injections had numerically greater improvements in visual acuity outcomes. Patients with DME treated regularly and more frequently with IVT-AFL therefore have the potential to achieve outcomes consistent with those observed in interventional studies. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03470103. Registered February 5, 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03470103.

Severe persistent placoid maculopathy: Atypical presentation in a young male.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent placoid maculopathy (PPM) is a rare entity that preferably affects males in the age range between 50 and 60 years, but cases at a young age have already been reported. In the latter, the initial symptoms are usually unilateral, without severely decreased visual acuity and anterior segment inflammation. CASE REPORT: We report a case of PPM with anterior segment inflammation in a young male. DISCUSSION: Considering the rarity of this illness, the report of an unusual presentation in a young male can aid in the recognition of future cases of PPM.

Humanistic and Economic Burden of Blindness Associated with Retinal Disorders in a Brazilian Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Vision impairment and blindness have been significantly associated with high medical care expenditures, decrease in health utility, and loss or reduction of productivity. The objective of this study was to assess the humanistic and economic burden of blindness in a Brazilian sample from a societal perspective. METHODS: Cross-sectional, observational, and multicenter study enrolling individuals with blindness (defined as the best corrected visual acuity less than 6/60 in the better-seeing eye) caused by retinal disorders. Data collection was performed between December 2012 and December 2014 through face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire and three standardized patient-reported outcomes instruments. Direct costs were estimated by multiplying the amount of resources used (12-month recall period) by the corresponding unit cost. Productivity losses were measured using the human capital method. All data were collected in Brazilian real (BRL) and converted to United States dollar (USD), using the exchange rate of 1 USD = 3.0415 BRL (May 7, 2015). RESULTS: A total of 146 subjects from 17 research sites were included with a mean age of 68 (SD = 14.8) years and equal gender distribution. Blindness negatively affected both general and vision-specific health-related quality of life. One-half of patients presented some level of anxiety and depression; of these, about 50% with moderate or severe symptoms. Around one-third of subjects (34.2%) reported at least one fall in the previous 12 months due to vision impairment; of these subjects, 14% reported fractures. Emergency room visits and hospitalization were reported by around 25% and 5% of subjects, respectively. The short-term costs (annual costs) of severe vision impairment or blindness for the studied subjects was USD 128,389.09 (USD 879.37 per person). Total medical direct costs summed USD 116,182.00 (USD 795.77 per person), 61.7% of which was due to outpatient visits (with physicians and other healthcare professionals). The long-term costs (lifetime productivity loss) totalized USD 1,962,599.50 (USD 13,442.47 per person). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that blindness imposes both humanistic and economic burden for individuals and for Brazilian society. It also pointed out that there is room to improve blindness management, especially for the poorest people, including health education for individuals, availability of services, and reduction of barriers to patients' access to healthcare assistance. This was a good starting point; however, further research is needed.

An unusual case of nine cilia embedded in the retina after a perforating ocular injury.

PURPOSE: To report an extremely rare case involving a 41-year-old man with nine intraocular cilia embedded in the retina after a perforating ocular injury caused by a metal wire. This case is particularly rare because of the number and location of the cilia. OBSERVATIONS: The patient underwent an uneventful corneal suturing and extracapsular extraction of the damaged lens of his right eye. Intraocular foreign bodies were discovered following surgery and were removed at a later date. Following lens extraction and ocular repair, the patient's best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was counting fingers. Fundus examination during follow-up revealed several eyelashes embedded in the retina. Thirty-two days after the injury, the patient showed signs of ocular inflammation. Therefore, the patient underwent vitrectomy and intraocular foreign body removal. Nine cilia were embedded in the retina at the posterior perforation site. At the final follow-up visit, his BCVA was 20/25. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: This report describes an unusual case where intraocular cilia were embedded in the retina after a perforating ocular injury. The eyelashes caused an intraocular inflammatory reaction that subsided after their removal.

[Evaluation of the macular function by focal electroretinography and by fluorescein angiography in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration submitted to verteporfin photodynamic therapy]. / Avaliação da função macular por eletrorretinografia focal e por angiofluoresceinografia em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade neovascular submetidos à terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina.

PURPOSE: To evaluate macular function by focal electroretinography and fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration submitted to verteporfin photodynamic therapy (VPT). METHODS: Prospective study involving 22 patients with age-related macular degeneration and predominantly classic subfoveal neovascular membrane, in non consecutive series, treated with VPT and followed for 12 months. They had their best corrected visual acuity measured by ETDRS chart, changes of lesion measured by fluorescein angiography and cone function assessed by focal electroretinography at baseline and each 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: All 22 patients completed the scheduled follow-up. After a mean of 3.5 sessions of treatment per patient, the mean visual acuity variation was not significant at the end of study. Eleven patients showed variation > or =1 line. 86% of patients achieved stabilization of lesion leakage at the end of the study. Focal electroretinography showed a mean of 194.88 nV in amplitude and 29.19 ms in latency and did not present a significant variation during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in focal electroretinography amplitudes and latencies after a 9-month period. Visual acuity did not show important variations during the 12 months. The decrease of lesion size showed a significant difference at 12 months with negative correlation between the amplitude of focal electroretinography and best corrected visual acuity.

Avaliação da função macular por eletrorretinografia focal e por angiofluoresceinografia em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade neovascular submetidos à terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina / Evaluation of the macular function by focal electroretinography and by fluorescein angiography in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration submitted to verteporfin photodynamic therapy

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a função macular por eletrorretinografia focal e angiofluoresceinografia em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade neovascular submetidos à terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo incluindo 22 pacientes (12 homens) com degeneração macular relacionada à idade e lesão neovascular coroídea subfoveal predominantemente clássica, não consecutivos, tratados com terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina padrão e acompanhados por um período de 12 meses. A acuidade visual melhor corrigida foi medida utilizando tabela ETDRS, as alterações das lesões foram avaliadas pela angiofluoresceinografia e a função dos cones foram obtidas pela eletrorretinografia focal na visita inicial e nas subsequentes a cada três meses. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes completaram as visitas programadas. Após uma média de 3,5 sessões por paciente, a variação da acuidade visual melhor corrigida não foi significante no decorrer do estudo. Em 50 por cento dos pacientes a variação da acuidade visual melhor corrigida foi >1 linha. Ao final do estudo observou-se ausência de vazamento em 86 por cento dos pacientes. A média da amplitude e latência do ERG focal na visita inicial foram de, respectivamente, 194,88 nV e 29,19 ms e as variações no decorrer do estudo não foram significantes. CONCLUSÕES: Não foram encontradas diferenças na amplitude e latência do eletrorretinografia focal após um período de 9 meses. A acuidade visual melhor corrigida não sofreu variações significativas ao longo dos 12 meses. A lesão foi significativamente reduzida ao longo do tempo e houve uma correlação negativa entre a amplitude e a acuidade visual melhor corrigida.

PURPOSE: To evaluate macular function by focal electroretinography and fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration submitted to verteporfin photodynamic therapy (VPT). METHODS: Prospective study involving 22 patients with age-related macular degeneration and predominantly classic subfoveal neovascular membrane, in non consecutive series, treated with VPT and followed for 12 months. They had their best corrected visual acuity measured by ETDRS chart, changes of lesion measured by fluorescein angiography and cone function assessed by focal electroretinography at baseline and each 3month follow-up. RESULTS: All 22 patients completed the scheduled follow-up. After a mean of 3.5 sessions of treatment per patient, the mean visual acuity variation was not significant at the end of study. Eleven patients showed variation >1 line. 86 percent of patients achieved stabilization of lesion leakage at the end of the study. Focal electroretinography showed a mean of 194.88 nV in amplitude and 29.19 ms in latency and did not present a significant variation during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in focal electroretinography amplitudes and latencies after a 9-month period. Visual acuity did not show important variations during the 12 months. The decrease of lesion size showed a significant difference at 12 months with negative correlation between the amplitude of focal electroretinography and best corrected visual acuity.

Avaliação da tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes portadores de degeneração macular relacionada à idade tratada com terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina / Ocular coherence tomography in age-related macular degeneration patients treated with photodynamic therapy with vertepofirin

OBJETIVO: Identificar os achados na tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e suas variações ao longo de 12 meses, em pacientes portadores de degeneração macular relacionada à idade (DRMI), submetidos à terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina (TFD). DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Série de casos, aberto, não aleatório e intervencionista. MÉTODOS: Pacientes acima de 50 anos, portadores de DMRI neovascular foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico completo, angiofluoresceinografia e OCT antes do início do tratamento (V0) e 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses após (V3, V6, V9 e V12, respectivamente). O tratamento empregado foi a TFD. A acuidade visual (AV) foi mensurada usando-se a tabela do ETDRS. Realizaram-se as medições das espessuras foveais: espessura intraretiniana foveal (FIRT), espessura foveal do complexo coriocapilar - EPR (FCC-EPRT) e espessura foveal total (TFT). Realizaram-se as mensurações das espessuras extrafoveais, em um raio de 1500 µ da fóvea: espessura intraretiniana extrafoveal (EFIRT), espessura extrafoveal do complexo coriocapilar - EPR (EFCC-EPRT) e espessura extrafoveal total (TEFT). Análise estatística foi realizada usando-se a análise de variância em blocos. RESULTADOS: Vinte e três olhos de 23 pacientes foram avaliados. Foram identificados nove achados à OCT: 1º) espessamento das camadas intraretinianas na fóvea; 2º) espessamento das camadas intraretinianas na região extrafoveal; 3º) espessamento do complexo coriocapilar-EPR (FCC-EPRT) na fóvea; 4º) espessamento do complexo coriocapilar-EPR na área extrafoveal; 5º) presença de fluido sub-EPR; 6º) presença de fluido sub-retiniano; 7º) presença de fluido intraretiniano; 8º) presença da membrana hialóide posterior aderida à retina; 9º) presença da depressão foveal. Na visita inicial a FIRT e a TFT foram respectivamente 398,5 µ e 639,2 µ. Em V12 foram 173,7 µ e 423,9 µ. A variação foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,008 e p = 0,003, respectivamente). As outras espessuras mensuradas não tiveram...

PURPOSE: To identify the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). STUDY DESIGN: Open, non-randomized, interventional case series. METHODS: ARMD patients were submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination, fluorescein angiography, and OCT at baseline (V0), 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (V3, V6, V9 and V12, respectively). PDT was carried out according to the TAP study. Visual acuity (VA) was measured using the logMAR ETDRS chart. The following foveal measurements were performed: foveal intraretinal thickness (FIRT), foveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex thickness (FCC-RPET) and total foveal thickness (TFT). The extrafoveal thicknesses measured were: extrafoveal intraretinal thickness (EFIRT), extrafoveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex thickness (EFCC-RPET) and total extrafoveal thickness (TEFT). Statistical analysis was performed using the block variance analysis test. RESULTS: Twenty-three eyes of 23 patients were enrolled. This study identified nine OCT patterns: 1) thickening of the foveal intraretinal layers; 2) thickening of the extrafoveal intraretinal layers; 3) thickening of the foveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex; 4) thickening of the extrafoveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex; 5) intraretinal fluid; 6) subretinal fluid; 7) subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fluid; 8) vitreo-retinal adhesion; 9) foveal depression. At baseline, FIRT and TFT were 398.5 µ and 639.2 µ, respectively. At V12 they were 173.7 µ e 423.9 µ, respectively, and this change was statistical significant (p=0.008 e p=0.003, respectively). The variation of the other foveal and extrafoveal measurements were not statistically significant. Foveal depression was present at baseline in 36.4 percent of the eyes, whereas at V12 it was present in 78.3 percent. Subretinal fluid was present in 36.4 percent of eyes at V0 and in 8.7 percent at V12. VA at baseline was 0.93...

Técnica para injeção intravítrea de drogas no tratamento de doenças vítreorretinianas / Technique of intravitreal drug injection for therapy of vitreoretinal diseases

A injeção intravítrea é atualmente a técnica mais utilizada no tratamento de várias doenças vítreorretinianas. Neste artigo serão discutidas a técnica e complicações da injeção intravítrea de drogas no tratamento de doenças vítreorretinianas. Em resumo, a técnica envolve várias etapas. Inicialmente dias antes da injeção pode-se realizar aplicação de antibióticos e acetazolamida para prevenção de infecção e redução da pressão intra-ocular. Antes do procedimento deve-se dilatar a pupila e executar anestesia tópica com colírios ou gel anestésico. A antissepsia pré-operatória envolve aplicação de colírios de iodo-povidona 5 por cento no fundo de saco conjuntival ao menos 10 minutos antes do procedimento. A injeção deve ser realizada no centro cirúrgico com uso de luvas estéreis e máscara pelo cirurgião. O olho deve ser exposto com blefarostato estéril, e proteção com "sterile-drape" para evitar contato entre a agulha e pálpebras/cílios. A agulha deve ser posicionada no momento da injeção a 3,5 - 4 mm do limbo, e leve mobilização da conjuntiva com um cotonete estéril ou uma pinça facilitam a penetração da agulha através da conjuntiva e esclera. A agulha deve ser inserida gentilmente para dentro da cavidade vítrea até 6 mm de profundidade. Imediatamente após a injeção o paciente deve ser examinado por técnica de oftalmoscopia binocular indireta. Caso a acuidade visual seja ausência de percepção luminosa ou oclusão vascular arterial retiniana seja observada, terapias para diminuição da pressão como paracentese na camada anterior ou massagem por oculopressão diretamente sobre o globo ocular devem ser imediatamente tomadas. A alta ambulatorial deve ser realizada quando o cirurgião estiver ciente da ausência de complicações intra-operatórias; o paciente deverá sair do centro cirúrgico com curativo oclusivo. O paciente deve ser submetido a exame oftalmológico completo no primeiro dia pós-operatório quando associação de antibióticos com corticosteróides...

Intravitreal injections are the standard technique applied in the treatment of some vitreoretinal diseases. In this paper the technique and complications of intravitreal injections are presented. In summary, the procedure involves various consecutive steps. Initially, days before the treatment topical antibiotics and acetazolamide may be prescribed for reduction of the ocular flora and intraocular pressure. Before the injection, the pupil should be dilated and topical anesthesia should be achieved. Injection shall be performed in the operating room under sterile conditions, the surgeon should wear surgical gloves and mask. The eye is then exposed with sterile blepharostat and sterile-drape thereby providing protection of the needle against the contact with contaminated lashes and lids. Injection is done 3.5 mm from the limbus through the pars plana. The needle should be inserted up to 6 mm into the vitreous cavity. Immediately after injection the patient must be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy to verify central artery perfusion and complications as vitreous hemorrhage. Visual acuity better than light perception should be detected right after injection. If persistent central retinal artery occlusion is diagnosed, anterior chamber paracentesis should be performed. The patient may be discharged with an occlusive patch. Examination at the first postoperative day should exclude various complications such as endophthalmitis, and topical steroid and antibiotics should be prescribed for 7 days. Some complications encountered after intravitreal injections include retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, cataract, uveitis, ocular hypertension, or endophthalmitis.

[Ocular coherence tomography in age-related macular degeneration patients treated with photodynamic therapy with verteporforin]. / Avaliação da tomografia de coerência óptica em pacientes portadores de degeneração macular relacionada à idade tratada com terapia fotodinâmica com verteporfina.

PURPOSE: To identify the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in patients with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). STUDY DESIGN: Open, non-randomized, interventional case series. METHODS: ARMD patients were submitted to a complete ophthalmological examination, fluorescein angiography, and OCT at baseline (V0), 3, 6, 9 and 12 months (V3, V6, V9 and V12, respectively). PDT was carried out according to the TAP study. Visual acuity (VA) was measured using the logMAR ETDRS chart. The following foveal measurements were performed: foveal intraretinal thickness (FIRT), foveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex thickness (FCC-RPET) and total foveal thickness (TFT). The extrafoveal thicknesses measured were: extrafoveal intraretinal thickness (EFIRT), extrafoveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex thickness (EFCC-RPET) and total extrafoveal thickness (TEFT). Statistical analysis was performed using the block variance analysis test. RESULTS: Twenty-three eyes of 23 patients were enrolled. This study identified nine OCT patterns: 1) thickening of the foveal intraretinal layers; 2) thickening of the extrafoveal intraretinal layers; 3) thickening of the foveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex; 4) thickening of the extrafoveal choriocapillaris - RPE complex; 5) intraretinal fluid; 6) subretinal fluid; 7) subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fluid; 8) vitreo-retinal adhesion; 9) foveal depression. At baseline, FIRT and TFT were 398.5 micro and 639.2 micro, respectively. At V12 they were 173.7 micro e 423.9 micro, respectively, and this change was statistical significant (p=0.008 e p=0.003, respectively). The variation of the other foveal and extrafoveal measurements were not statistically significant. Foveal depression was present at baseline in 36.4% of the eyes, whereas at V12 it was present in 78.3%. Subretinal fluid was present in 36.4% of eyes at V0 and in 8.7% at V12. VA at baseline was 0.93 and it V12 was 1.04 (p=0,127). CONCLUSIONS: Visual acuity was stable throughout the study. Foveal depression was reestablished in 78.3% at V12. FIRT and TFT decreased at a statistical significant level, from V0 to V12.

[Technique of intravitreal drug injection for therapy of vitreoretinal diseases]. / Técnica para injeção intravítrea de drogas no tratamento de doenças vítreorretinianas.

Intravitreal injections are the standard technique applied in the treatment of some vitreoretinal diseases. In this paper the technique and complications of intravitreal injections are presented. In summary, the procedure involves various consecutive steps. Initially, days before the treatment topical antibiotics and acetazolamide may be prescribed for reduction of the ocular flora and intraocular pressure. Before the injection, the pupil should be dilated and topical anesthesia should be achieved. Injection shall be performed in the operating room under sterile conditions, the surgeon should wear surgical gloves and mask. The eye is then exposed with sterile blepharostat and sterile-drape thereby providing protection of the needle against the contact with contaminated lashes and lids. Injection is done 3.5 mm from the limbus through the pars plana. The needle should be inserted up to 6 mm into the vitreous cavity. Immediately after injection the patient must be examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy to verify central artery perfusion and complications as vitreous hemorrhage. Visual acuity better than light perception should be detected right after injection. If persistent central retinal artery occlusion is diagnosed, anterior chamber paracentesis should be performed. The patient may be discharged with an occlusive patch. Examination at the first postoperative day should exclude various complications such as endophthalmitis, and topical steroid and antibiotics should be prescribed for 7 days. Some complications encountered after intravitreal injections include retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, cataract, uveitis, ocular hypertension, or endophthalmitis.

Agreement between optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography in post-cataract surgery cystoid macular edema

Purpose: To evaluate the agreement between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) regarding the detection of cystoid macular edema (CME) following cataract surgery. Methods: Retrospective comparative observational series of 25 eyes with suspected CME. Patients with low visual acuity and alterations in fundus biomicros-copy after cataract surgery underwent OCT scanning followed by FFA on the same visit. The diagnosis of CME was established considering fluo-rescein leakage on FFA and retinal thickness andor cystoid spaces and/ or subretinal fluid on OCT. Results: Twenty-five eyes of 25 patients were enrolled. Twenty-two eyes had similar results on both OCT and FFA, of which 15 eyes had CME and 7 eyes had no CME. Two eyes had CME detected only by FFA and one eye only by OCT. The agreement between the two examinations was good (Kappa = 0.7331; p=0.0001) with no tendency to have neither more positive nor negative findings (p=1.0). Conclusion: According to these preliminary data, OCT seems to be as effective as FFA to detect CME with a good agreement between the two techniques.

Hemorragia subaracnóidea e síndrome de Terson: estudo prospectivo / Subarachnoid hemorrhage and Terson's syndrome: a prospective study

OBJETIVO: Analisar a incidência, evolução clínica, alteração oftalmológica e prognóstico de vida de pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea e síndrome de Terson. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e consecutivo de pacientes admitidos no pronto socorro de neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo com diagnóstico de hemorragia subaracnóidea aguda. Após exame neurológico, o mapeamento de retina foi realizado em todos os pacientes na admissão e no 3º, 7º, 30º e 60º dia. Em todos os casos foi realizada a correlação entre a escala de Hunt e Hess e a presença de hemorragia intra-ocular. RESULTADOS: Dezessete pacientes foram examinados durante julho a outubro de 2000. A síndrome de Terson foi observada em 5 casos (29,4 por cento). Em 15 pacientes a etiologia da hemorragia foi ruptura de aneurisma cerebral e em 2 casos a causa foi relacionada a traumatismo crânio-encefálico. Não houve predominância significante de sexo (9F e 8M) e a idade mediana foi de 48 anos (22 a 80 anos). Houve 4 óbitos de pacientes com síndrome de Terson e apenas 1 no grupo de pacientes sem alteração ocular. Não houve nenhuma correlação entre a gravidade do quadro clínico e a presença da síndrome de Terson. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, a incidência da síndrome de Terson foi de 29,4 por cento e sua presença indicou alto risco de mortalidade (80 por cento dos casos com a síndrome de Terson).

Hemangioma capilar da retina associado a descolamento de retina: relato de caso / Retinal capillary hemangioma with tractional retinal detachment: case rerpot

Os autores descrevem um caso de uma paciente portadora de hemangioma capilar da retina que evoluiu com descolamento de retina tradicional, após crioterapia. A vitrectomia via pars plana foi efetiva nessa complicaçäo do hemangioma e a retina apresentou-se colada após 1 ano e 6 meses de seguimento. Säo feitas consideraçöes a respeito das manifestaçöes clínicas e oftalmológicas, complicaçöes e tratamento.

Estudo e classificaçäo das membranas neovasculares subretinianas na degeneraçäo macular relacionada à idade pela angiografia digital com indocianina verde / Study and classification of subretinal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration by digital angiography with indocyanine green

Objetivo: analisar por meio da angiografia digital com indocianina verde (ICV) casos de membrana neovascular subretiniana (MNSR) oculta ou mal definida, diagnosticada pela angiofluoresceinografia (AF) em degeneraçäo macular relacionada à idade. Material e método: pacientes com MNSR oculta ou mal definida, diagnosticada pela AF foram analisados por meio do ICV, excluindo-se olhos com tratamento prévio com raio laser ou outra doença ocular. Resultados: trinta e quatro olhos foram estudados. Foi encontrada placa com hiperfluorescência difusa em 18 olhos (52,9 por cento) em 11 olhos (32,3 por cento) a existência de um ponto focal hiperfluorescente, sendo que estas alteraçöes näo foram detectadas pela angiofluoresceinografia. Conclusäo: a ICV em alguns casos detecta a presença de membrana neovascular subretiniana presumível näo-evidenciada ao exame

Retinopatia da prematuridade grau V: tratamento cirúrgico / Stage V retinopathy of prematurity: surgical treatment

Estudamos os resultados anatômico e funcional de 10 crianças (13 olhos) com retinopatia da prematuridade grau V (ROP V) submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico. Dez olhos foram submetidos à vitrectomia fechada e 3 à vitrectomia a céu aberto no primeiro ano de vida. Onze olhos evoluiram com a retina colada ou parcialmente colada e em 2 olhos a retina permaneceu colada apesar da cirurgia. A acuidade visual piorou em 1 olho, se manteve em 7 olhos e melhorou 6 olhos. Apesar do prognóstico funcional relativamente reservado, a visäo pode melhorar em alguns casos que apresentem a retina colada e a cirurgia deve ser considerada uma importante opçäo de tratamento para estas crianças

Estudo epidemiológico das perfuraçöes oculares em acidentes automobilísticos / Ocular perforations in traffic accidents: an epidemiological study

Os autores estudaram prospectivamente, 652 casos de perfuraçäo ocular atendidos no Pronto Socorro do Hospital Säo Paulo, entre julho de 1988 e setembro de 1992. Observamos que 159 casos ocorreram por acidentes automobilísticos, sendo 121 no sexo masculino e 83 em indivíduos menores de 27 anos. Noventa e um pacientes eram acompanhantes do banco da frente e 68 eram motoristas. Näo observamos perfuraçöes em acompanhantes do banco traseiro. Apenas 9 indivíduos afirmaram estar usando cinto de segurança no momento do acidente, que ocorreu principalmente em velocidades intermediárias e no período noturno. Quarenta e cinco motoristas haviam ingerido algum tipo de bebida alcoólica antes do acidente. As perfuraçöes oculares associaram-se a lesöes extra-oculares em 79,2 por cento das vezes. Säo discutidas medidas preventivas eficazes para diminuiçäo da incidência e gravidade das lesöes oculares associadas aos acidentes automobilísticos

Perfuraçäo ocular: estudo do 473 casos / Penetrating ocular injuries: study of 473 cases

Os autores estudaram 491 olhos de 473 pacientes com perfuraçäo ocular. Os casos tiveram um acompanhamento médio de 9,6 meses. Lesöes córneo-esclerais (53,3 por cento com acuidade visual final entre os movimentos de mäo em sem percepçäo luminosa) e em acidentes devido a violência (21 por cento com acuidade visual final entre os movimentos de mäo e ausência de percepçäo luminosa) tiveram pior diagnóstico. Perfuraçöes por acidentes domésticos (36,4 por cento) e automobilístico (29,2 por cento) consistiram a maioria e foram correlacionados com a faixa etária em que ocorreram. Além disso, a perfuraçäo ocular tem ocorrência predominante em uma populaçäo jovem (69,1 por cento abaixo de 30 anos). Ressaltam que medidas preventivas podem ser tomadas para diminuir a incidência de perfuraçöes, como proteçäo adequada no trabalho, uso do cinto de segurança e supervisäo das crianças por pais e responsáveis.

Prefuraçäo ocular em crianças / Penetrating ocular injuries in children

Os autores estudaram, prospectivamente, 174 crianças e adolescentes de um total de 473 casos com ferimento perfurante ocular, atendidos no Pronto Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital Säo Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, com seguimento de 2 a 36 meses (x=9,5 meses). Observou-se um predomínio do sexo masculino (74,7 por cento), obedecendo uma proporçäo de 3:1. A córnea foi o local-escleral (30,3 por cento). A maioria das perfuraçöes se deveu a acidentes em ambiente doméstico (71,3 por cento), seeguida dos acidentes causados por violência (14,4 por cento), envolvendo objetos pérfuro-contundentes (28,7 por cento), contundentes (228,2 por cento) e pontiagudos (22,5 por cento). É discutida a relaçäo do prognóstico visual com o agente causal e achados pré-operatórios, bem como a alta incidência de atrofia ocular (25,8 por cento)