ABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was to study the effect of a broccoli phytochemical extract (Br-ex) on the release of fatty acids (FA) from salmon muscle (SM) and salmon oil (SO) during in vitro digestion. The hypothesis of the study was that Br-ex contains polyphenols which might act as pancreatic lipase inhibitors. The effect on the release of specific FA, in particular the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA (C20:5 n-3) and DHA (C22:6 n-3), was recorded, and the impact of the SM matrix was studied by comparing the release of FA from SM and SO. In vitro digestion was performed and lipolytic activity, measured as the release of fatty acids (FFA) by solid phase extraction and GC-FID, was recorded at 20, 40, 80 and 140 minutes in the intestinal phase. The results showed, unexpectedly, that Br-ex stimulated the release of FA during digestion of SO and SM, showing the highest increases in FFA, 67% and 64%, respectively, at 20 min. No difference in the release of FA from SO compared to SM was observed, suggesting that the SM matrix had minor influence on the lipolytic activity. The results also demonstrated that the increase in lipolytic activity caused by Br-ex was not affected by the SM matrix. However, addition of Br-ex resulted in a lower percentage of EPA and DHA in the FFA fraction, suggesting that the lipase sn-position preference was altered. Whether this affects the bioaccessibility of EPA and DHA needs further investigation.
Subject(s)
Brassica/chemistry , Digestion , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fish Oils/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Salmon/metabolism , Animals , Brassica/metabolism , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Humans , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Seafood/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Different healthy food patterns may modify cardiometabolic risk. We investigated the effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure and inflammatory markers in people with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We conducted a randomized dietary study lasting for 18-24 weeks in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome (mean age 55 years, BMI 31.6 kg m(-2) , 67% women). Altogether 309 individuals were screened, 200 started the intervention after 4-week run-in period, and 96 (proportion of dropouts 7.9%) and 70 individuals (dropouts 27%) completed the study, in the Healthy diet and Control diet groups, respectively. Healthy diet included whole-grain products, berries, fruits and vegetables, rapeseed oil, three fish meals per week and low-fat dairy products. An average Nordic diet served as a Control diet. Compliance was monitored by repeated 4-day food diaries and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids. RESULTS: Body weight remained stable, and no significant changes were observed in insulin sensitivity or blood pressure. Significant changes between the groups were found in non-HDL cholesterol (-0.18, mmol L(-1) 95% CI -0.35; -0.01, P = 0.04), LDL to HDL cholesterol (-0.15, -0.28; -0.00, P = 0.046) and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 ratios (-0.04, -0.07; -0.00, P = 0.025) favouring the Healthy diet. IL-1 Ra increased during the Control diet (difference -84, -133; -37 ng L(-1) , P = 0.00053). Intakes of saturated fats (E%, beta estimate 4.28, 0.02; 8.53, P = 0.049) and magnesium (mg, -0.23, -0.41; -0.05, P = 0.012) were associated with IL-1 Ra. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy Nordic diet improved lipid profile and had a beneficial effect on low-grade inflammation.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Diet , Energy Intake , Insulin Resistance , Lipids/blood , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Apolipoproteins A/blood , Apolipoproteins B/blood , Blood Pressure , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Denmark , Diet/methods , Fatty Acids/analysis , Finland , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Iceland , Inflammation/blood , Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/blood , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Sweden , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Perinatal asphyxia is associated with cardiac dysfunction, and it is important to prevent further tissue injury during resuscitation. There is increasing evidence that myocardial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in myocardial hypoxaemia-reoxygenation injury. OBJECTIVE: To assess MMPs and antioxidant capacity in newborn pigs after global ischaemia and subsequent resuscitation with ambient air or 100% O(2) at different PaCO(2)-levels. METHODS: Newborn pigs (12-36 h of age) were resuscitated for 30 min by ventilation with 21% or 100% O(2) at different PaCO(2) levels after a hypoxic insult, and thereafter observed for 150 min. In myocardial tissue extracts, MMPs were analyzed by gelatin zymography and broad matrix-degrading capacity (total MMP). Total endogenous antioxidant capacity in myocardial tissue extracts was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. RESULTS: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 more than doubled from baseline values (P < 0.001), and was higher in piglets resuscitated with 100% O(2) than with ambient air (P = 0.012). The ORAC value was considerably decreased (P < 0.001). In piglets with elevated PaCO(2), total MMP-activity in the right ventricle was more increased than in the left ventricle (P = 0.008). In the left ventricle, total MMPactivity was higher in the piglets with low PaCO(2) than in the piglets with elevated PaCO(2) (P = 0.013). CONCLUSION: In hypoxaemia-reoxygenation injury the MMP-2 level was highly increased and was most elevated in the piglets resuscitated with 100% O(2). Antioxidant capacity was considerably decreased. Assessed by total MMP-activity, elevated PaCO(2) during resuscitation might protect the left ventricle, and probably increase right ventricle injury of the myocardium.
