Monitoring health and nutrition claims on food labels in Brazil.

Introduction: The monitoring of nutrition and health claims on food and beverage labels has been proposed by international and national organizations because it can collaborate with the development of public policies to regulate food labeling and marketing strategies. One way of carrying out this monitoring is by using data collected by private companies. Objective: To compare information on nutrition and health claims available in a commercial database of a private company that monitors the launch of new foods and beverages in Brazilian food retailers with information on those same claims manually coded by trained research assistants. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study using a data sample of newly launched food and beverages available at a commercial database from 2018 to 2021. We compared the information on health and nutrition claims available on the commercial dataset with reliable information on the same nutrition and health claims manually coded by trained research assistants using a tested taxonomy to classify such claims. We used Gwet's Kappa AC1 with 95% CI and percentage agreement to compare both data sources and calculated sensitivity and specificity of the compared data. Results: A total of 6,722 foods and beverages were analyzed. Mintel-GNPD presented 36.28% (n = 2,439) of nutrition claims, while in the trained researchers' coding, it was 33.73% (n = 2,267). We found a prevalence of 5.4% (n = 362) for health claims in Mintel-GNPD and 10.8% (n = 723) in the researchers' coding. All subcategories of nutrition and health claims showed high agreement (Kappa >0.81). Health claims presented kappa = 0.89 with 33.7% sensitivity and 98.0% specificity while nutrition claims showed kappa = 0.86 with 92.9% sensitivity and 92.5% specificity. Conclusion: Nutrition and health claims showed high agreement, with great results in nutrition claims, indicating that Mintel-GPND is suitable for monitoring such claims on food and beverage packaging in Brazil. Additionally, our findings show a high prevalence of nutrition and health claims on food packages launched in the Brazilian food retail, highlighting the need to monitor these to develop public policies to regulate food marketing on packaging in Brazil.

[Body image dissatisfaction and low adherence to the Western dietary standard among schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study]. / Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e baixa aderência ao padrão alimentar ocidental em escolares: um estudo transversal.

This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and to evaluate the association between body image perception and these patterns among schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 385 schoolchildren (both sexes, 10-17 years old) from four public schools in Salvador, Brazil. Two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were applied, and the dietary pattern was determined by Exploratory Factor Analysis after adjustment of dietary data using the Multiple Source Method. To evaluate body image perception, the Brazilian body shape silhouette was used. The associations between body image perception and dietary patterns using the polytomous logistic regression model adjusted for covariables was assessed. Three dietary patterns were obtained: "Western standard," unhealthy, "healthy pattern" and "typical dishes/ junk food." After adjustment, adolescents who wished for a slimmer silhouette (2.48 [95%CI: 1.04-6.11], 3.49 [95%CI: 1.35-9.05] and 2.87 [95%CI: 1.13-7.26]) were more likely to adhere to the quintiles with the lowest consumption of the Western standard, compared to those satisfied with their body image. No associations were identified in the other two dietary patterns. Adolescents dissatisfied with their bodies tend to adhere less to unhealthy dietary patterns.

Este estudo objetivou identificar padrões alimentares e avaliar a associação entre percepção da imagem corporal e esses padrões em escolares. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em 385 escolares (ambos os sexos, 10-17 anos de idade) de 4 escolas públicas de Salvador, Brasil. Dois recordatórios alimentares de 24h não consecutivos foram aplicados e o padrão alimentar foi determinado por Análise Fatorial Exploratória, após ajuste dos dados dietéticos pelo Multiple Source Method. Para avaliar percepção da imagem corporal, nós usamos uma escala brasileira de silhuetas. Avaliamos as associações entre percepção da imagem corporal e padrões alimentares usando o modelo de regressão logística politômica ajustado para covariáveis. Três padrões alimentares foram obtidos: "padrão ocidental", "padrão saudável" e "comidas típicas/junk food". Após ajuste, adolescentes que desejavam uma silhueta menor (2,48 [IC95%: 1,04-6,11], 3,49 [IC95%: 1,35-9,05] e 2,87 [IC95%: 1,13-7,26]) tinham mais chances de aderir aos quintis de menor consumo do padrão ocidental, comparados àqueles satisfeitos com sua imagem corporal. Nenhuma associação foi identificada nos outros dois padrões alimentares. Adolescentes insatisfeitos com seus corpos tendem a aderir menos a padrões alimentares não saudáveis.

Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e baixa aderência ao padrão alimentar ocidental em escolares: um estudo transversal / Body image dissatisfaction and low adherence to the Western dietary standard among schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Este estudo objetivou identificar padrões alimentares e avaliar a associação entre percepção da imagem corporal e esses padrões em escolares. Um estudo transversal foi conduzido em 385 escolares (ambos os sexos, 10-17 anos de idade) de 4 escolas públicas de Salvador, Brasil. Dois recordatórios alimentares de 24h não consecutivos foram aplicados e o padrão alimentar foi determinado por Análise Fatorial Exploratória, após ajuste dos dados dietéticos pelo Multiple Source Method. Para avaliar percepção da imagem corporal, nós usamos uma escala brasileira de silhuetas. Avaliamos as associações entre percepção da imagem corporal e padrões alimentares usando o modelo de regressão logística politômica ajustado para covariáveis. Três padrões alimentares foram obtidos: "padrão ocidental", "padrão saudável" e "comidas típicas/junk food". Após ajuste, adolescentes que desejavam uma silhueta menor (2,48 [IC95%: 1,04-6,11], 3,49 [IC95%: 1,35-9,05] e 2,87 [IC95%: 1,13-7,26]) tinham mais chances de aderir aos quintis de menor consumo do padrão ocidental, comparados àqueles satisfeitos com sua imagem corporal. Nenhuma associação foi identificada nos outros dois padrões alimentares. Adolescentes insatisfeitos com seus corpos tendem a aderir menos a padrões alimentares não saudáveis.

Abstract This study aimed to identify dietary patterns and to evaluate the association between body image perception and these patterns among schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 385 schoolchildren (both sexes, 10-17 years old) from four public schools in Salvador, Brazil. Two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls were applied, and the dietary pattern was determined by Exploratory Factor Analysis after adjustment of dietary data using the Multiple Source Method. To evaluate body image perception, the Brazilian body shape silhouette was used. The associations between body image perception and dietary patterns using the polytomous logistic regression model adjusted for covariables was assessed. Three dietary patterns were obtained: "Western standard," unhealthy, "healthy pattern" and "typical dishes/ junk food." After adjustment, adolescents who wished for a slimmer silhouette (2.48 [95%CI: 1.04-6.11], 3.49 [95%CI: 1.35-9.05] and 2.87 [95%CI: 1.13-7.26]) were more likely to adhere to the quintiles with the lowest consumption of the Western standard, compared to those satisfied with their body image. No associations were identified in the other two dietary patterns. Adolescents dissatisfied with their bodies tend to adhere less to unhealthy dietary patterns.

Comparing Latin American nutrient profile models using data from packaged foods with child-directed marketing within the Brazilian food supply.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine and compare the extent to which different nutrient profile models (NPMs) from Latin America (LA) identify packaged foods and beverages with child-directed marketing sold in Brazil as being high in nutrients associated to the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 3,464 foods found in the five largest Brazilian supermarkets. Child-directed marketing was coded using the International Network for Food and Obesity/NCDs Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) protocol. Differences in medians of sugar, saturated fats, and sodium per 100 kcal in foods, with the presence and absence of child-directed marketing, were tested using the Mann-Whitney test. We compared six NPMs in LA and examined to what extent they targeted these products using prevalence ratios. Analyses were performed overall and by the degree of food processing according to the Nova food classification. Results: We found 1,054 packages with child-directed marketing. Among these, candies, cakes and pies, sauces and creams, and sugar-sweetened beverages were significantly higher in sugar, saturated fat, and sodium per 100 kcal than products that are not targeted at children (p < 0.05). Compared with PAHO and the Mexico models, the Brazilian NPMs would allow three times more ultra-processed foods to omit warnings for sodium (p < 0.05). The Uruguayan NPM also flagged fewer ultra-processed foods high in sodium (p < 0.05). The Brazilian model also allows four times more sugar-sweetened beverages and six times more dairy drinks to omit warnings for sugar than the Mexico and PAHO models. In comparison to all other NPMs, the Brazilian model showed the worst performance in identifying baked goods as high in sodium. Chile, Uruguay, and Peru models would also target significantly less sugar-sweetened beverages and high in at least one critical nutrient than PAHO and Mexico models. Conclusion: Compared with other NPMs in LA, the NPM criteria adopted in Brazil are more permissive and less likely to inform consumers of the poor nutritional quality of ultra-processed foods and beverages with child-directed marketing.

Association between advertising patterns and ultra-processed food in small markets. / Associação entre padrão de publicidade e alimento ultraprocessado em pequenos mercados.

This article aims to characterize the advertising appeals present in the food environment to market ultra-processed foods and to analyze the nutritional profile of these foods according to PAHO criteria and the presence of food additives. Cross-sectional study, with data audited in 20 small supermarkets in São Paulo. The INFORMAS protocol was used to classify the advertising messages. The foods were classified according to NOVA. The PAHO profile model was used to classify foods high in critical nutrients. Advertising patterns were identified by factor analysis. The association between patterns and food groups was investigated by linear regression. More than 95% of the ultraprocessed foods had at least 1 critical nutrient in excess. There was a positive association between the new brand, fun and advantageous pattern with snacks, ready-made products, dairy products and cookies; between the new brand and suggested use pattern with dairy products. The standardization of food advertising in small retail stores is associated with offering snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and cookies, products that exceed critical nutrients.

O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar os apelos publicitários presentes no ambiente alimentar para comercializar alimentos ultraprocessados e analisar o perfil nutricional desses alimentos segundo critérios da OPAS e presença de aditivos alimentares. Estudo transversal, com dados auditados em 20 pequenos supermercados de São Paulo. O protocolo INFORMAS foi utilizado para classificar as mensagens publicitárias. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo a NOVA. O perfil nutricional da OPAS foi utilizado para classificar os alimentos elevados em nutrientes críticos. Os padrões de publicidade foram identificados por análise fatorial. A associação entre os padrões e os grupos de alimentos foi investigada por regressão linear. Mais de 95% dos alimentos ultraprocessados tinham pelo menos um nutriente crítico em excesso. Verificou-se associação positiva entre o padrão nova marca, divertido e vantajoso com salgadinhos, produtos pré-prontos, lácteos e biscoitos, e entre o padrão nova marca e uso sugerido com lácteos. A padronização da publicidade de alimentos nos pequenos comércios varejistas está associada à oferta de salgadinhos, produtos lácteos, alimentos pré-prontos e biscoitos, produtos que excedem em nutrientes críticos.

Ultra-Processed Food Availability and Sociodemographic Associated Factors in a Brazilian Municipality.

The availability of ultra-processed foods in a municipality tends to be related to different types of food retailers and their location in the territory, besides social, economic, and demographic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability of ultra-processed foods according to different types of food retailers and sociodemographic factors. This is a cross-sectional observational study carried out with audit data from food retailers in the municipality of Jundiaí, SP. Using a validated instrument, data on the availability of 18 types of ultra-processed foods were used to create a score of ultra-processed foods, ranging from 0 to 100 points, and five subscores referring to the ultra-processed food subgroups. Descriptive statistics and means comparison tests were performed to verify differences in the ultra-processed food availability score, according to the food retail type, household income, number of household members, and percentage of people of the color population in the census tract in which food retailers were located. Geo-referenced maps were used to characterize the score of ultra-processed in the territory, according to sociodemographic variables. A total of 649 food retailers were analyzed, most of which were classified as neighborhood markets (25.4%). The supermarkets were the category with the highest ultra-processed food availability score. Among the subgroups of ultra-processed foods analyzed, candies, soft drinks, and snacks were available in 60% of the food retailers. Higher ultra-processed food availability score was observed in regions with lower income, higher percentage of people of color population, and higher number of members per household. The findings show that the greater availability of ultra-processed foods is related to supermarkets and markets and regions of greater social vulnerability, which can put this population at nutritional risk.

Characterization of barriers and facilitators for adequate and healthy eating in the consumer's food environment. / Caracterização das barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação adequada e saudável no ambiente alimentar do consumidor.

This study aims to explore potential barriers and facilitators for healthy eating in the consumer food environment, and to analyze the association with different types of food retailers, having as theoretical reference the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the municipality of Jundiaí, São Paulo State, Brazil, with audits of the consumer food environment carried out in 650 retail stores. We identified barriers and facilitators of healthy food choices in the internal environment of the retail. Factor analysis estimated factors that characterized the environment according to barriers and facilitators. Linear regression evaluated the association between the factors and the different categories of establishments. Most establishments had priority sales of ultra-processed products. Out of the total food retailers studied, 75.9% offered sugary drinks; 37% rice, beans and 30% fruits and vegetables. We characterized the first factor by the presence of both barriers and facilitators (mixed factor), the second factor by more facilitators and the third by greater presence of barriers in the consumer environment. Supermarkets were positively associated with the three factors (p-value < 0.001). The fruit and vegetable stores and the neighborhood markets had a positive association with the most facilitating factor (p-value < 0.001). Markets and bakeries were positively associated with the more barriers factor (p-value < 0.001). The patterns that characterize barriers and facilitators for healthy eating differ significantly according to types of food retailers.

O objetivo deste trabalho é explorar potenciais barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável no ambiente alimentar do consumidor e analisar a associação com diferentes tipos de estabelecimentos comerciais tendo como referencial teórico o Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. Estudo transversal realizado no Município de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil, com auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor realizada em 650 comércios varejistas. Foram identificados barreiras e facilitadores das escolhas alimentares saudáveis no ambiente interno dos comércios. Análise fatorial foi utilizada para estimar fatores que caracterizassem o ambiente segundo barreiras e facilitadores. Regressão linear foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre os fatores e as diferentes categorias de estabelecimentos. A maioria dos estabelecimentos tinham venda prioritária de ultraprocessados. Do total de comércios estudados, 75,9% disponibilizavam bebidas açucaradas; 37% arroz, feijão e 30% frutas e hortaliças. O primeiro fator caracterizou-se pela presença tanto de barreiras quanto de facilitadores (fator misto), o segundo fator caracterizou-se por mais facilitadores e o terceiro por maior presença de barreiras no ambiente do consumidor. Supermercados foram associados positivamente com os três fatores (valor de p < 0,001). Os sacolões/hortifrutis públicos e privados, os mercados de bairro tiveram associação positiva com o fator mais facilitadores (valor de p < 0,001). Os mercados e padarias se associaram positivamente ao fator mais barreiras (valor de p < 0,001). Os padrões que caracterizam barreiras e facilitadores para alimentação saudável diferem de forma significativa segundo tipos de comércios.

El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar potenciales barreras y facilitadores para la alimentación saludable en el ambiente alimentario del consumidor, y analizar la asociación con diferentes tipos de establecimientos comerciales, teniendo como referencia teórica la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña. Estudio transversal realizado en el Municipio de Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brasil, con auditoría del ambiente alimentario del consumidor, realizada en 650 tiendas minoristas. Se identificaron barreras y facilitadores de las elecciones alimentarias saludables en el ambiente interno de los comercios. El análisis factorial se utilizó para estimar factores que caracterizasen el ambiente según barreras y facilitadores. La regresión lineal se usó para evaluar la asociación entre los factores y las diferentes categorías de establecimientos. La mayoría de los establecimientos tenía una venta prioritaria de ultraprocesados. Del total de comercios estudiados, un 75,9% tenían disponibles bebidas azucaradas; 37% arroz, frijoles y 30% frutas y hortalizas. El primer factor se caracterizó por la presencia tanto de barreras, como de facilitadores (factor mixto), el segundo se caracterizó por más facilitadores y el tercero por una mayor presencia de barreras en el ambiente del consumidor. Los supermercados fueron asociados positivamente con los tres factores (valor de p < 0,001). Las fruterías/verdulerías públicas y privadas, los mercados de barrio presentaron una asociación positiva con el factor más facilitadores (valor de p < 0,001). Los mercados y panaderías se asociaron positivamente con el factor más barreras (valor de p < 0,001). Los patrones que caracterizan barreras y facilitadores para la alimentación saludable difieren de forma significativa según los tipos de comercios.

Associação entre padrão de publicidade e alimento ultraprocessado em pequenos mercados / Association between advertising patterns and ultra-processed food in small markets

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar os apelos publicitários presentes no ambiente alimentar para comercializar alimentos ultraprocessados e analisar o perfil nutricional desses alimentos segundo critérios da OPAS e presença de aditivos alimentares. Estudo transversal, com dados auditados em 20 pequenos supermercados de São Paulo. O protocolo INFORMAS foi utilizado para classificar as mensagens publicitárias. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo a NOVA. O perfil nutricional da OPAS foi utilizado para classificar os alimentos elevados em nutrientes críticos. Os padrões de publicidade foram identificados por análise fatorial. A associação entre os padrões e os grupos de alimentos foi investigada por regressão linear. Mais de 95% dos alimentos ultraprocessados tinham pelo menos um nutriente crítico em excesso. Verificou-se associação positiva entre o padrão nova marca, divertido e vantajoso com salgadinhos, produtos pré-prontos, lácteos e biscoitos, e entre o padrão nova marca e uso sugerido com lácteos. A padronização da publicidade de alimentos nos pequenos comércios varejistas está associada à oferta de salgadinhos, produtos lácteos, alimentos pré-prontos e biscoitos, produtos que excedem em nutrientes críticos.

Abstract This article aims to characterize the advertising appeals present in the food environment to market ultra-processed foods and to analyze the nutritional profile of these foods according to PAHO criteria and the presence of food additives. Cross-sectional study, with data audited in 20 small supermarkets in São Paulo. The INFORMAS protocol was used to classify the advertising messages. The foods were classified according to NOVA. The PAHO profile model was used to classify foods high in critical nutrients. Advertising patterns were identified by factor analysis. The association between patterns and food groups was investigated by linear regression. More than 95% of the ultraprocessed foods had at least 1 critical nutrient in excess. There was a positive association between the new brand, fun and advantageous pattern with snacks, ready-made products, dairy products and cookies; between the new brand and suggested use pattern with dairy products. The standardization of food advertising in small retail stores is associated with offering snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and cookies, products that exceed critical nutrients.

Distribution and patterns of use of food additives in foods and beverages available in Brazilian supermarkets.

The growing consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages has drawn attention to the use of different food additives in these products. The use of these additives for different purposes in food products is permitted under specific legislation. The objective of the present study was to assess the distribution and patterns of occurrence of the different categories of food additives present in packaged foods and beverages sold in Brazil. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on data from lists of ingredients used in foods and beverages sold in supermarkets in Brazil, collected by photographing product labels. The number, technological purpose and proportion of food additives in 9856 items (25 groups) were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to derive the patterns of food additive categories. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the patterns and food items analyzed. Only 20.6% of the products analyzed contained no food additives, while 24.8% contained ≥6 additives. The use of food additives was high, particularly cosmetic additives, predominantly flavoring agents, colorings and stabilizers. Five patterns of food additive categories were identified and associated with ultra-processed foods and beverages. The results revealed that food additives are highly prevalent in several types of food items sold in the Brazilian market. Also, the same additive category was common to several different food groups, as were specific food additive combinations. This exposure is potentially harmful to human health, given the known deleterious effects associated with the consumption of these substances.

Consumer Food Environment Healthiness Score: Development, Validation, and Testing between Different Types of Food Retailers.

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scoring system, based on AUDITNOVA, to assess the healthiness of the consumer food environment, considering food availability, price, advertising, and placement strategies. Audited data of 650 food retailers were used to develop, validate, and test the consumer food environment healthiness score. To compose the score, the reference was the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The total and subscores were standardized for a scale from 0 to 100. Construct validity was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis Dunn tests. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to determine the consistency of the scores. The median score was 33.7 (p25 = 26.9; p75 = 42.1). The public and private specialized indoor fresh food markets showed the highest medians; otherwise, bakeries and food retailers with the predominant sale of ultra-processed foods showed the lowest. The score was able to satisfactorily classify the extreme food retailer groups by the predominant sale of fresh or minimally processed foods and the predominant sale of ultra-processed foods. The results of Cronbach's alpha showed excellent internal consistency (α = 0.91). The score helped to provide an overall assessment of consumer food environment healthiness and was able to classify food retailer groups as healthy and unhealthy according to the degree of processing of the available foods.

As adoções necessárias no contexto brasileiro: características, desafios e visibilidade / The necessary adoptions in the Brazilian context: characteristics, challenges and visibility / Las adopciones necesarias en el contexto brasileño: características, desafíos y visibilidad

As adoções necessárias envolvem casos de crianças com mais de dois anos, com irmãos, com deficiência, adoecimento crônico ou inter-racial. Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa acerca das adoções necessárias e de como esse tema vem sendo investigado e discutido. A partir de buscas nas bases/bibliotecas LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC e PsycINFO (2009-2018), foram recuperados 35 estudos. A escassa produção internacional pode estar relacionada ao fato de que as adoções necessárias são uma categoria própria da realidade brasileira. A maior parte dos estudos priorizou como necessárias as adoções de crianças maiores de dois anos, com poucos estudos sobre crianças com deficiência, com quadro de adoecimento e com irmãos. Recomenda-se uma maior investigação em relação às adoções inter-raciais, bem como maior conscientização dos pretendentes quanto ao perfil das crianças para adoção nas instituições de acolhimento, o que deve ser acompanhado por maior visibilidade do tema no campo científico. (AU)

The necessary adoptions encompass cases of children over two years of age, with siblings, disabilities, chronic or interracial illness. This study aimed to present an integrative review of the necessary adoptions and how this topic has been investigated and discussed. From a search in the databases LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC and PsycINFO (2019-2018), 35 studies were retrieved. The scarce international production may be related to the fact that the necessary adoptions are a category in the Brazilian reality. Most of the studies prioritised as necessary the adoption of children children over two years of age, with few studies on children with disabilities, sickness and siblings. Further research on interracial adoptions is recommended, as well as greater awareness of the candidates to adopt regarding the profile of children for adoption in host institutions, which should be accompanied by greater visibility of the topic in the scientific field. (AU)

Las adopciones necesarias abarcan casos de niños de más de dos años, con hermanos, con discapacidad, enfermedad crónica o interracial. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo presentar una revisión integradora acerca de las adopciones necesarias y de cómo ese tema viene siendo investigado y discutido. A partir de una búsqueda en las bases LILACS, SciELO, PePSIC y PsycINFO (2009-2018), se recuperaron 35 estudios. La escasa producción internacional puede estar relacionada a que las adopciones necesarias son una categoría propia de la realidad brasileña. La mayoría de los estudios priorizaron como necesarias las adopciones de niños mayores de dos años, con pocos estudios sobre niños con discapacidad, con cuadro de enfermedad y con hermanos. Se recomienda una mayor investigación acerca de las adopciones interraciales, así como una mayor concientización de los candidatos a adoptar en cuanto al perfil de los niños para adopción en las instituciones de acogida, lo que debe ser acompañado por una mayor visibilidad del tema en el campo científico. (AU)

Development and evaluation of food environment audit instrument: AUDITNOVA.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and assess the reliability of an instrument that enables auditing information on consumer food environment indicators, such as availability, price, promotional and advertising strategies, and quantity of brands available, using the food recommendations adopted by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population as a theoretical basis. METHODS: This is a methodological study in two phases: 1. development of the audit instrument and 2. assessment of its reliability and reproducibility . The Content Validity Index was estimated for each instrument item (>0.80 satisfactory). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed by percentage agreement and Kappa coefficients. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Scatter-plots were used to measure the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables. RESULTS: The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were mostly high (Kappa> 0.80), for food availability indicators. Among the items that measure advertising, Kappa values for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 1.00 and for the test-retest ranged from 0.18 to 0.90. Prices and quantity of brands showed a positive linear correlation between measurements performed by researcher 1 and 2 and between visits 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: AUDITNOVA is reliable for measuring aspects such as availability, price, quantity of brands, and advertising of foods available in the consumer food environment.

Gender and Adoption in the Brazilian Context: An Integrative Review of the Scientific Literature / Gênero e Adoção no Contexto Brasileiro: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura Científica / Género y Adopción em el Contexto Brasileño: Revisión Integrada de la Literatura Científica

Abstract The present study aimed to understand how the gender category emerges in studies about adoption in the Brazilian context. The guiding question was: How do researches in the context of adoption, regarding children, parents and professionals, address gender issues? An integrative literature review was conducted on the databases LILACS, SciELO and PePISC with the descriptors adoption, gender and parentality, published between 2007 and 2017. Seventeen articles had been recovered and three categories were constituted: (a) Exercise of maternity in the context of adoption; (b) (In)visibility of paternity in the discussion about adoptive parenting; (c) Homoparentality: meanings of reproductive technology and adoption. The studies brought to light reflections about adoptive parenting and adoptive homoparentality, as well as highlighting the way these couples exercise their parental roles. It is concluded that understanding how parental roles are exercised in these different realities makes it possible to understand different family arrangements, opening more space for families by adoption. It is recommended to expand the gender discussions in order to provide questions and tensions for this scenario, dialoguing with different developmental and clinical perspectives.

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender como a categoria gênero emerge nos estudos sobre adoção no contexto brasileiro. A pergunta norteadora foi: de que forma as pesquisas realizadas no contexto da adoção, que se referem às crianças, pais e profissionais, abordam as questões de gênero? Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e PePISC, com os descritores adoção, gênero e parentalidade, publicados no período entre 2007 e 2017. Foram selecionados 17 artigos, a partir dos quais constituíram-se três categorias de análise: (a) Exercício da maternidade no contexto da adoção; (b) (In)visibilidade da paternidade na discussão sobre parentalidade adotiva; (c) Homoparentalidade: significados da tecnologia reprodutiva à adoção. Os estudos se debruçam sobre reflexões a respeito da parentalidade em casais heterossexuais e homossexuais, bem como ressaltam o modo como esses casais exercem seus papéis parentais. Conclui-se que entender o modo como é feito o exercício dos papéis parentais nessas diferentes realidades possibilita a compreensão das diferentes configurações familiares, abrindo mais espaço para as famílias por adoção. Recomenda-se ampliação das discussões de gênero, afim de propiciar questionamentos e tensões para esse cenário, dialogando com diferentes perspectivas desenvolvimentais e clínicas.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender cómo la categoría género emerge en los estudios sobre adopción en el contexto brasileño. La pregunta orientadora fue: ¿de qué forma las investigaciones realizadas en el contexto de la adopción abordan las cuestiones de género? Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO y PePISC publicados en el período entre 2007 y 2017. Se seleccionaron 17 artículos, a partir de los cuales se constituyeron tres categorías de análisis (a) El ejercicio de la maternidad en el contexto de la adopción; (b) La (In) visibilidad de la paternidad en la discusión sobre parentalidad adoptiva; (c) Homoparentalidad: significados de la tecnología reproductiva a la adopción. Los estudios se centran en reflexiones acerca de la parentalidad en parejas heterosexuales y homosexuales, así como resaltan el modo en que estas parejas ejercen sus papeles parentales. Se concluye que entender cómo se ejerce papeles parentales en esas diferentes realidades posibilita la comprensión de las diferentes configuraciones familiares, abriendo más espacio para las familias por adopción. Se recomienda ampliar las discusiones de género, a fin de propiciar cuestionamientos para ese escenario, dialogando con diferentes perspectivas de desarrololo y clinicas.

Development and evaluation of food environment audit instrument: Auditnova / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar: Auditnova

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To develop and assess the reliability of an instrument that enables auditing information on consumer food environment indicators, such as availability, price, promotional and advertising strategies, and quantity of brands available, using the food recommendations adopted by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population as a theoretical basis. METHODS This is a methodological study in two phases: 1. development of the audit instrument and 2. assessment of its reliability and reproducibility . The Content Validity Index was estimated for each instrument item (>0.80 satisfactory). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed by percentage agreement and Kappa coefficients. Pearson's correlation coefficient and Scatter-plots were used to measure the degree of linear correlation between two quantitative variables. RESULTS The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were mostly high (Kappa> 0.80), for food availability indicators. Among the items that measure advertising, Kappa values for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.57 to 1.00 and for the test-retest ranged from 0.18 to 0.90. Prices and quantity of brands showed a positive linear correlation between measurements performed by researcher 1 and 2 and between visits 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AUDITNOVA is reliable for measuring aspects such as availability, price, quantity of brands, and advertising of foods available in the consumer food environment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Desenvolver e avaliar a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria do ambiente alimentar do consumidor que possibilite captar informações sobre indicadores do ambiente alimentar do consumidor como disponibilidade, preço, estratégias promocionais e publicitárias e quantidade de marcas disponíveis, utilizando como base teórica as recomendações alimentares adotadas pelo Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo metodológico em duas fases: 1. desenvolvimento do instrumento de auditoria e 2. avaliação de sua confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade . Foi calculado o índice de validade de conteúdo para cada item do instrumento (satisfatório > 0,80). A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram avaliadas por percentual de concordância e coeficientes de Kappa. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e scatter-plots foram utilizados para medir o grau da correlação linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. RESULTADOS O índice de validade de conteúdo total foi de 0,91. A confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste foram altas (Kappa >0,80), em sua maioria, para indicadores de disponibilidade de alimentos. Entre os itens que medem a publicidade, a confiabilidade interavaliadores apresentou valores de Kappa de 0,57 a 1,00, enquanto o teste-reteste apresentou Kappas de 0,18 a 0,90. Preços e quantidade de marcas apresentaram correlação linear positiva entre as medidas realizadas pelo pesquisador 1 e 2 e entre as visitas 1 e 2. CONCLUSÕES O AUDITNOVA é confiável para mensurar aspectos como disponibilidade, preço, quantidade de marcas e publicidade de alimentos disponíveis no ambiente alimentar do consumidor.

Dietary patterns associated with overweight among Brazilian adolescents.

The present study aims to identify the dietary patterns of adolescents and associate these patterns with overweight. We analyzed food-consumption data from 6784 adolescents in the age group 10-18 years old collected in the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009. Dietary patterns were assessed through exploratory factor analysis. Logistic regression models were used in order to associate dietary patterns with overweight. Four dietary patterns were recorded: Traditional Brazilian Pattern, Snacks Pattern, Fast Food Pattern, and the Milk, Fruit and Cereal Breakfast Pattern. Results were adjusted according to the sociodemographic variables and showed that the higher the adherence to Snacks (OR: 1.50 fifth quintile vs first (95% CI: 1.13, 1.99) p linear trend <0.001) and Fast Food patterns (OR: 1.55 fifth quintile vs first (95% CI = 1.12, 2.12) p linear trend <0.001), the higher the chances of becoming overweight. These data indicate that the local public health and nutrition policies focused on adolescents should be more attentive to the eating habits of this population in Brazil, since the current research related regular poor nutritional quality dietary patterns to increased overweight among adolescents. In addition, understanding adolescents' eating habits according to their dietary patterns may guide the development of healthy dietary recommendations based on the combination between food and food groups, rather than only on nutrients or nutritional adequacy.

Dietary Patterns in European and Brazilian Adolescents: Comparisons and Associations with Socioeconomic Factors.

Associations between dietary patterns (DP) and socioeconomic factors have been little explored in adolescents. The aim of this study was to identify DP in European and Brazilian adolescents and to investigate their associations with a range of socioeconomic indicators. Adolescents from the HELENA-study and the Household Budget Survey were analyzed. Factor analysis was used to obtain DP. Linear regression was used to examine the association between DP and SES. In Europeans, the Western DP was associated with low education of the mother, high socioeconomic status (boys), older age (boys), and living in cities of the Northern Europe; in Brazilians, the Western DP was associated with high secondary education of the mother, high socioeconomic status and living in Southern areas of the country. The Traditional European DP, in both genders, was associated with high secondary education of the mother and inversely associated with a high socioeconomic status; the Traditional Brazilian DP, was associated with university level education of the mother and older age (boys). The association between DP and socioeconomic factors is relevant for the understanding of food-related practices and highlight the importance of performing a complete assessment of the socioeconomic influence in adolescent's DP from developed and developing countries.

Padrões alimentares praticados por adolescentes: influência de fatores socioeconômicos e relação com o estado nutricional / Dietary patterns practiced by adolescents influence of socioeconomic factors and relation with nutritional status

Introdução: A caracterização dos padrões alimentares dos adolescentes permite analisar os efeitos da dieta como um todo sobre a saúde. Objetivos: Identificar na literatura científica as múltiplas soluções adotadas nas técnicas multivariadas para obtenção de padrões alimentares; Analisar a relação entre os principais padrões alimentares praticados por adolescentes brasileiros com o excesso de peso e obesidade e Analisar a influência de fatores socioeconômicos sobre os principais padrões alimentares praticados por um grupo multiétnico de adolescentes. Métodos: Esta tese foi composta de três artigos. O primeiro corresponde a uma revisão da literatura sobre padrões alimentares estimados por diferentes técnicas multivariadas. Para os demais artigos duas bases de dados foram utilizadas: a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2008 09 e o estudo Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) conduzido em 2006-07. A análise fatorial exploratória foi utilizada para obtenção dos padrões alimentares. O segundo artigo utilizou modelo de regressão logística para verificar a associação entre os escores dos padrões alimentares e o excesso de peso e obesidade ajustado para variáveis socioeconômicas. O terceiro artigo utilizou o modelo de regressão linear para avaliar a associação entre indicadores de renda e escolaridade e os escores dos padrões alimentares

Introduction: The characterization of the dietary patterns practiced by adolescents allows analyzing the effects of diet as a whole on health outcomes. Objectives: To identify in the scientific literature the multiple solutions adopted in the multivariate techniques to obtain dietary patterns; To analyze the relationship between major dietary patterns practiced by Brazilian adolescents with overweight and obesity and To analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on major dietary patterns practiced by a multiethnic group of adolescents. Methods: This thesis was composed of three manuscripts. The first manuscript was a literature review about dietary patterns estimated by different multivariate techniques. For the others manuscripts two databases were used: The Brazilian Household Budget Survey (HBS) conducted in 2008 09 and The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) conducted in 2006-07. Exploratory factor analysis was used to obtain dietary patterns. The second manuscript used logistic regression model to assess the association between the dietary patterns scores and overweight adjusted for socioeconomic variables. The third manuscript used linear regression to assess the association between socioeconomic indicators and dietary patterns scores. Results: A literature review showed a great diversity in the choice of criteria used during the multiple steps of multivariate techniques

Padrões alimentares estimados por técnicas multivariadas: uma revisão da literatura sobre os procedimentos adotados nas etapas analíticas / Dietary patterns: a literature review of the methodological characteristics of the main step of the multivariate analyzes

Resumo: Objetivo: Descrever as soluções adotadas nas múltiplas etapas de utilização das técnicas multivariadas para obtenção de padrão alimentar (PA) no que tange: ao objetivo dos estudos, à escolha do método de aferição do consumo alimentar, aos critérios de grupamento dos alimentos, à quantidade de grupos alimentares utilizada, ao número de PA extraído e aos critérios para nomenclatura. Métodos: Foram selecionadas publicações das bases MEDLINE e Lilacs tendo como descritores: "padrão alimentar" versus "análise fatorial"; "análise de componentes principais"; "análise de cluster " e "reduced regression rank ". A busca inicial resultou em 1.752 artigos, que após critérios de inclusão e exclusão somaram 189 publicações. Resultados: Foram relevantes entre os estudos os seguintes aspectos: a predominância da análise de componentes principais (ACP); a predominância no uso de 4 a 5 PAs nos estudos de associação com desfechos de saúde; o uso de 30 ou mais grupos de alimentos provenientes do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA); a predominância de estudos que associaram PAs com desfechos de saúde e fatores socioeconômicos; a heterogeneidade de critérios adotados ao longo das etapas analíticas das técnicas multivariadas. Conclusão: A heterogeneidade entre as publicações se concentra nos critérios de agrupamento dos alimentos, na nomenclatura e no número de padrões alimentares extraídos, que variou em função do número de grupos alimentares presentes nas análises. Entender, aplicar e explorar em sua totalidade as técnicas multivariadas tem se tornado necessário para melhorar a confiabilidade dos resultados e, consequentemente, aprimorar as relações com desfechos de saúde e fatores socioeconômicos.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the solutions adopted in the multiple steps of the use of multivariate techniques to obtain a dietary pattern (DP) concerning: the objective of the studies, the selection of the method for measuring food intake, the criteria for grouping the foods, the number of food groups used, the number of DP obtained, and the nomenclature criteria. Methods: The articles were selected from MEDLINE and Lilacs scientific databases using the following keywords: "dietary patterns" versus "factor analysis"; "principal components analysis"; "cluster analysis" and "reduced regression rank." The initial search resulted in 1,752 articles. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 189 publications were selected. Results: The following aspects were relevant among the studies: the prevalence of the principal component analysis (PCA); the prevalence of the use of 4 to 5 DPs in the studies of association with health outcomes; the use of 30 or more food groups from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); the prevalence of studies that associated DPs with health outcomes and socioeconomic factors; and the heterogeneity of criteria used throughout the analytical stages of the multivariate techniques. Conclusion: The heterogeneity between the publications concentrates on the criteria for food grouping, the nomenclature, and the number of dietary patterns calculated, which varied depending on the number of food groups present in these analyses. To understand, apply, and explore in full, the multivariate techniques has become necessary in order to improve the reliability of the results and, consequently, to improve the relationships with health outcomes and socioeconomic factors.

[The cost of meeting dietary guidelines for low-income Brazilian families]. / Quanto custa para as famílias de baixa renda obterem uma dieta saudável no Brasil?

The objective was to identify the cost of meeting the Brazilian National Dietary Guidelines and analyze the impact on family budget. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey for 2008 were used. Food purchases were recorded for seven days in 55,970 households. A subset of low-income families (≤ BRL 415.00 per capita/month and ≤ US$ 1.00 per capita/day) was used for the analysis. We estimated per capita calorie availability, total food expenditures, and food prices aggregated in 8 food groups based on the Brazilian Guidelines. Each food group's share in total calories was estimated and compared to the recommendations. Actual purchases exceeded the recommendations for beans, oils/fats, sweets, and meat/eggs, and fell short for fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and grains. Meeting the recommendations would increase food expenditures by 58% among individuals with per capita income ≤ US$ 1.00/day and by 39% for those with per capita income ≤ BRL 415.00. Adoption of the recommendations would require 145% of total income. Meeting current recommendations would demand an increase in income or a policy to reduce food prices.