ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was the production and characterization of orally disintegrating films of gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen containing the ethanol extract of propolis. The films were produced by casting with different concentrations of hydrolyzed collagen with and without the extract. The mechanical properties, mucoadhesive properties, swelling degree, in vitro release kinetics, stability of active compounds, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and antimicrobial activity of the films were evaluated. The films with the highest concentration of hydrolyzed collagen were less resistant and more elastic, and films containing the extract were more resistant than the control. In addition, the films with the extract showed higher mucoadhesion, which is important for ensuring the release of active compounds in the oral cavity. Generally, all formulations showed a high swelling capacity, which may have contributed to the quick release also demonstrated by the release kinetics model. Interactions between the extract compounds and the polymeric matrix were observed by FTIR spectroscopy, which may have contributed to an improvement in the mechanical properties. Films containing the extract had good stability and effective antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, which shows that these films can potentially be used to release active compounds in the oral mucosa.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Collagen/chemistry , Drug Carriers , Gelatin/chemistry , Propolis/chemistry , Adhesiveness , Administration, Oral , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Stability , Ethanol/chemistry , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Models, Chemical , Propolis/administration & dosage , Solubility , Solvents/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methodsABSTRACT
The genera Aspergillus comprises species that produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins and patulin. These are cosmopolitan species, natural contaminants of agricultural products. In coffee grains, the most important Aspergillus species in terms of the risk of presenting mycotoxins belong to the genera Aspergillus Section Circumdati and Section Nigri. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence of isolated ochratoxigenic fungi of coffee grains from organic and conventional cultivation from the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as to evaluate which farming system presents higher contamination risk by ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by fungi. Thirty samples of coffee grains (Coffea arabica L.) were analysed, being 20 of them of conventional coffee grains and 10 of them organic. The microbiological analysis was done with the Direct Plating Technique in a Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) media. The identification was done based on the macro and micro morphological characteristics and on the toxigenic potential with the Plug Agar technique. From the 30 samples analysed, 480 filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus of the Circumdati and Nigri Sections were isolated. The ochratoxigenic species identified were: Aspergillus auricoumus, A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. niger and A. niger Aggregate. The most frequent species which produces ochratoxin A among the isolated ones was A. ochraceus, corresponding to 89.55%. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of ochratoxigenic A. ochreceus between the conventional and organic cultivation systems, which suggests that the contamination risk is similar for both cultivation systems.
Subject(s)
Aspergillus/isolation & purification , Aspergillus/metabolism , Coffea/microbiology , Ochratoxins/metabolism , Seeds/microbiology , Aspergillus/classification , BrazilABSTRACT
The genera Aspergillus comprises species that produce mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins and patulin. These are cosmopolitan species, natural contaminants of agricultural products. In coffee grains, the most important Aspergillus species in terms of the risk of presenting mycotoxins belong to the genera Aspergillus Section Circumdati and Section Nigri. The purpose of this study was to assess the occurrence of isolated ochratoxigenic fungi of coffee grains from organic and conventional cultivation from the South of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as to evaluate which farming system presents higher contamination risk by ochratoxin A (OTA) produced by fungi. Thirty samples of coffee grains (Coffea arabica L.) were analysed, being 20 of them of conventional coffee grains and 10 of them organic. The microbiological analysis was done with the Direct Plating Technique in a Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) media. The identification was done based on the macro and micro morphological characteristics and on the toxigenic potential with the Plug Agar technique. From the 30 samples analysed, 480 filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus of the Circumdati and Nigri Sections were isolated. The ochratoxigenic species identified were: Aspergillus auricoumus, A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. niger and A. niger Aggregate. The most frequent species which produces ochratoxin A among the isolated ones was A. ochraceus, corresponding to 89.55%. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of ochratoxigenic A. ochreceus between the conventional and organic cultivation systems, which suggests that the contamination risk is similar for both cultivation systems.
