ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the efficiency and the economic viability of the application of fungicides to control Asian soybean rust, Phakopsora packyrhizi, in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The assay was carried in the 2007-2008 harvest. The following fungicides were evaluated (g a.i./ha): picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (40 + 16, 50 + 20 and 60 +24) + nimbus 0.25% (v/v); pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol (66.5 + 25); azoxystrobin + cyproconazol (60 + 24) + nimbus 0.25% (v/v); trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol (50 + 100) + auero 0.13% (v/v) and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazol (56.25 + 24) + aureo 0.13% (v/v). The fungicide treatments started from the phenologic stage R2. Three applications were realized, 15 days apart. The disease severity (upper and lower part of the plant) was quantified weekly, totaling 10 evaluations. In addition, at the R7 stage, the defoliation was evaluated every seven days. The curves of progress (CP) were plotted and calculated the areas under the CP for the disease severity (AACPD) and defoliation (AACPDes). At the end of the assay, the grain yield (Rend - kg/ha), the mass of 1,000 grains (MMG - g) and the economic viability of the disease control were evaluated. The climate during the conduction of the experiment was favorable to the development of Asian soybean rust. There was a positive relationship between rainfall and severity of the disease. All fungicides showed AACPD below the control, especially picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (higher fungicide dose). This treatment also showed the lowest rate of AACPDes. The fungicides presented similar rates of Rend, although higher than the control treatment. In relation to MMG, the highest index was attributed to azoxystrobin + cyproconazol. The mixture trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol showed the lowest efficiency for the control of Asian soybean rust. Based on the severity of the disease, grain yield and the economic benefits generated by the application of fungicides, picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (60 + 24), azoxystrobin + cyproconazol and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazol were identified as the most promising for the control of P. packyrhizi.
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência e a viabilidade econômica da aplicação de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja, Phakopsora packyrhizi, em Campo Grande, MS. O ensaio foi conduzido em na safra 2007-2008. Foram avaliados os fungicidas (g i.a./ha): picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (40 + 16, 50 + 20 e 60 + 24) + nimbus 0,25% (v/v), piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (66,5 + 25); azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60 + 24) + nimbus 0,25% (v/v); trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole (50 + 100) + auero 0,13% (v/v) e trifloxistrobina + ciproconazole (56,25 + 24) + aureo 0,13% (v/v). Três aplicações foram realizadas, quinzenalmente, a partir do estádio fenológico R2. Foram realizadas 10 avaliações da severidade da doença (terços inferior e superior da planta) e três da desfolha (a partir do estádio R7), com intervalos de sete dias. Após plotagem das curvas de progresso (CP), foram calculadas as áreas abaixo das CP para a severidade da doença (AACPD) e desfolha (AACP Des). Ao final do ensaio, avaliou-se o rendimento de grãos (Rend - kg/ha), a massa de 1.000 grãos (MMG - g) e a viabilidade econômica do controle da doença. O clima durante a condução do ensaio foi favorável ao desenvolvimento da ferrugem asiática, constatando-se relação positiva entre a precipitação e a severidade da doença. Todos os fungicidas apresentaram valores de AACPD inferiores ao da testemunha, com destaque para picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (maior dose). Esse tratamento também apresentou o menor índice de AACPDes. Os fungicidas apresentaram índices semelhantes de Rend, embora superiores à testemunha. Quanto a MMG, maior índice foi atribuído a azoxistrobina + ciproconazole. A mistura trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole apresentou a menor eficiência de controle da ferrugem asiática. Com base na severidade da doença, rendimento de grãos e nos benefícios econômico gerados pela aplicação de fungicidas, identificou-se os fungicidas picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60 + 24), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole e trifloxistrobina + ciproconazole como os mais promissores para o controle de P. packyrhizi.
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência e a viabilidade econômica da aplicação de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja, Phakopsora packyrhizi, em Campo Grande, MS. O ensaio foi conduzido em na safra 2007-2008. Foram avaliados os fungicidas (g i.a./ha): picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (40 + 16, 50 + 20 e 60 + 24) + nimbus 0,25% (v/v), piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (66,5 + 25); azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60 + 24) + nimbus 0,25% (v/v); trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole (50 + 100) + auero 0,13% (v/v) e trifloxistrobina + ciproconazole (56,25 + 24) + aureo 0,13% (v/v). Três aplicações foram realizadas, quinzenalmente, a partir do estádio fenológico R2. Foram realizadas 10 avaliações da severidade da doença (terços inferior e superior da planta) e três da desfolha (a partir do estádio R7), com intervalos de sete dias. Após plotagem das curvas de progresso (CP), foram calculadas as áreas abaixo das CP para a severidade da doença (AACPD) e desfolha (AACP Des). Ao final do ensaio, avaliou-se o rendimento de grãos (Rend - kg/ha), a massa de 1.000 grãos (MMG - g) e a viabilidade econômica do controle da doença. O clima durante a condução do ensaio foi favorável ao desenvolvimento da ferrugem asiática, constatando-se relação positiva entre a precipitação e a severidade da doença. Todos os fungicidas apresentaram valores de AACPD inferiores ao da testemunha, com destaque para picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (maior dose). Esse tratamento também apresentou o menor índice de AACPDes. Os fungicidas apresentaram índices semelhantes de Rend, embora superiores à testemunha. Quanto a MMG, maior índice foi atribuído a azoxistrobina + ciproconazole. A mistura trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole apresentou a menor eficiência de controle da ferrugem asiática. Com base na severidade da doença, rendimento de grãos e nos benefícios econômico gerados pela aplicação de fungicidas, identificou-se os fungicidas picoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60 + 24), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole e trifloxistrobina + ciproconazole como os mais promissores para o controle de P. packyrhizi.
The present study evaluated the efficiency and the economic viability of the application of fungicides to control Asian soybean rust, Phakopsora packyrhizi, in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The assay was carried in the 2007-2008 harvest. The following fungicides were evaluated (g a.i./ha): picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (40 + 16, 50 + 20 and 60 +24) + nimbus 0.25% (v/v); pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol (66.5 + 25); azoxystrobin + cyproconazol (60 + 24) + nimbus 0.25% (v/v); trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol (50 + 100) + auero 0.13% (v/v) and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazol (56.25 + 24) + aureo 0.13% (v/v). The fungicide treatments started from the phenologic stage R2. Three applications were realized, 15 days apart. The disease severity (upper and lower part of the plant) was quantified weekly, totaling 10 evaluations. In addition, at the R7 stage, the defoliation was evaluated every seven days. The curves of progress (CP) were plotted and calculated the areas under the CP for the disease severity (AACPD) and defoliation (AACPDes). At the end of the assay, the grain yield (Rend - kg/ha), the mass of 1,000 grains (MMG - g) and the economic viability of the disease control were evaluated. The climate during the conduction of the experiment was favorable to the development of Asian soybean rust. There was a positive relationship between rainfall and severity of the disease. All fungicides showed AACPD below the control, especially picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (higher fungicide dose). This treatment also showed the lowest rate of AACPDes. The fungicides presented similar rates of Rend, although higher than the control treatment. In relation to MMG, the highest index was attributed to azoxystrobin + cyproconazol. The mixture trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol showed the lowest efficiency for the control of Asian soybean rust. Based on the severity of the disease, grain yield and the economic benefits generated by the application of fungicides, picoxystrobin + cyproconazol (60 + 24), azoxystrobin + cyproconazol and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazol were identified as the most promising for the control of P. packyrhizi.
Subject(s)
Plant Diseases , Glycine max/drug effects , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/pathogenicity , Antifungal Agents/analysis , Antifungal Agents/economicsABSTRACT
We report the autopsy of a stillborn fetus with congenital hyperthyroidism born to a mother with untreated Graves' disease, whose cause of death was congestive heart failure. The major findings concerned the skull, thyroid, heart, and placenta. The cranial sutures were closed, with overlapping skull bones. The thyroid was increased in volume and had intense blood congestion. Histological examination showed hyperactive follicles. The heart was enlarged and softened, with dilated cavities and hemorrhagic suffusions in the epicardium. The placenta had infarctions that involved at least 20% of its surface, and the vessels of the umbilical cord were fully exposed due to a decrease in Wharton's jelly. Hyperthyroidism was confirmed by the maternal clinical data, the fetal findings of exophthalmia, craniosynostosis, and goiter with signs of follicular hyperactivity. Craniosynostosis is caused by the anabolic action of thyroid hormones in bone formation during the initial stages of development. The delayed initiation of treatment in the present case contributed to the severity of fetal hyperthyroidism and consequent fetal death.