Hospital Admission Factors Independently Affecting the Risk of Mortality of COVID-19 Patients.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is a disease characterized by high in-hospital mortality, which seems to be dependent on many predisposing factors. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical symptoms, abnormalities in the results of laboratory tests, and coexisting chronic diseases that independently affected the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the records of patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized from 6 March 2020 to 30 November 2021. RESULTS: Out of the entire group of 2138 patients who were analyzed, 12.82% died during hospitalization. In-hospital mortality was independently associated with older age (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.20-1.97); lower arterial blood oxygen saturation (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.99); the presence of a neoplasm (OR 4.45, 95% CI 2.01-9.62), a stomach ulcer (OR 3.35, 95% CI 0.94-11.31), and dementia (OR 3.40, 95% CI 1.36-8.26); a higher score on the SOFA scale (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.52-1.99); higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.12); higher N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro BNP) (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11); and lower total bilirubin in blood concentration (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: We found that low oxygen saturation, old age, and the coexistence of cancer, gastric ulcers, and dementia syndrome were variables that independently increased mortality during hospitalization due to COVID-19. Moreover, we found that decreased platelet count and bilirubin concentration and increased levels of LDH and NT-proBNP were laboratory test results that independently indicated a higher risk of mortality. We also confirmed the usefulness of the SOFA scale in predicting treatment results. The ability to identify mortality risk factors on admission to hospital will facilitate both adjusting the intensity of treatment and the monitoring of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

New 6-Minute-Walking Test Parameter-Distance/Desaturation Index (DDI) Correctly Diagnoses Short-Term Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

The six-minute-walking test (6MWT) is an easy-to-perform, cheap and valuable tool to assess the physical performance of patients. It has been used as one of the endpoints in many clinical trials investigating treatment efficacy in pulmonary arterial hypertension and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, the utility of 6MWT in patients diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is still under investigation. The aim of the present retrospective study was to assess the value of different 6MWT parameters, including the newly developed distance-desaturation index (DDI), to evaluate immunomodulatory treatment outcomes in HP patients. METHODS: 6MWT parameters (distance, initial saturation, final saturation, desaturation, distance-saturation product (DSP), and DDI) were analyzed at baseline and after 3 to 6 months of treatment with corticosteroids alone or in combination with azathioprine. RESULTS: 91 consecutive HP patients diagnosed and treated in a single pulmonary unit from 2005 to 2017 entered the study. There were 44 (48%) males and 52 (57%) patients with fibrotic HP (fHP). Sixty-three patients (69%) responded to treatment (responders) and 28 (31%) did not respond (non-responders). In the responders group, all parameters assessed during 6MWT significantly improved, whereas in non-responders, they worsened. Medians (95% CI) of best indices were post-treatment DDI/baseline DDI-1.67 (1.85-3.63) in responders versus 0.88 (0.7-1.73) in non-responders (p = 0.0001) and change in walking distance-51 m (36-72 m) in responders, versus 10.5 m (-61.2-27.9) in non-responders (p = 0.0056). The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for post-treatment DDI/baseline DDI was 0.74 and the optimal cut-off was 1.075, with 71% of specificity and 71% of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: 6MWT may be used as a tool to assess and monitor the response to immunomodulatory therapy in HP patients, especially if indices incorporating both distance and desaturation are used. Based on the present study results, we recommend 6MWD and DDI use, in addition to FVC and TL,co, to monitor treatment efficacy in patients with interstitial lung diseases.

Guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases Other than Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

The recommendations were developed as answers to previously formulated questions concerning everyday diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. They were developed based on a review of the current literature using the GRADE methodology. The experts suggest that PF-ILD be diagnosed based on a combination of different criteria, such as the aggravation of symptoms, progression of radiological lesions, and worsening of lung function test parameters. The experts recommend a precise diagnosis of an underlying disease, with serological testing for an autoimmune disease always being included. The final diagnosis should be worked out by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Patients with an interstitial lung disease other than IPF who do not meet the criteria for the progressive fibrosis phenotype should be monitored for progression, and those with systemic autoimmune diseases should be regularly monitored for signs of interstitial lung disease. In managing patients with interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune diseases, an opinion of an MDT should be considered. Nintedanib rather than pirfenidon should be introduced in the event of the ineffectiveness of the therapy recommended for the treatment of the underlying disease, but in some instances, it is possible to start antifibrotic treatment without earlier immunomodulatory therapy. It is also admissible to use immunomodulatory and antifibrotic drugs simultaneously. No recommendations were made for or against termination of anti-fibrotic therapy in the case of noted progression during treatment of a PF-ILD other than IPF. The experts recommend that the same principles of non-pharmacological and palliative treatment and eligibility for lung transplantation should be applied to patients with an interstitial lung disease other than IPF with progressive fibrosis as in patients with IPF.

Guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases Other than Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

The recommendations were developed as answers to previously formulated questions concerning everyday diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. They were developed based on a review of the current literature using the GRADE methodology. The experts suggest that PF-ILD be diagnosed based on a combination of different criteria, such as the aggravation of symptoms, progression of radiological lesions, and worsening of lung function test parameters. The experts recommend a precise diagnosis of an underlying disease, with serological testing for an autoimmune disease always being included. The final diagnosis should be worked out by a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Patients with an interstitial lung disease other than IPF who do not meet the criteria for the progressive fibrosis phenotype should be monitored for progression, and those with systemic autoimmune diseases should be regularly monitored for signs of interstitial lung disease. In managing patients with interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune diseases, an opinion of an MDT should be considered. Nintedanib rather than pirfenidon should be introduced in the event of the ineffectiveness of the therapy recommended for the treatment of the underlying disease, but in some instances, it is possible to start antifibrotic treatment without earlier immunomodulatory therapy. It is also admissible to use immunomodulatory and antifibrotic drugs simultaneously. No recommendations were made for or against termination of anti-fibrotic therapy in the case of noted progression during treatment of a PF-ILD other than IPF. The experts recommend that the same principles of non-pharmacological and palliative treatment and eligibility for lung transplantation should be applied to patients with an interstitial lung disease other than IPF with progressive fibrosis as in patients with IPF.

Guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society for diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

INTRODUCTION: This document presents the guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society (PTChP, Polskie Towarzystwo Chorób Pluc) for diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), developed by agroup of Polish experts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The recommendations were developed in the form of answers to previously formulated questions concer-ning everyday diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. They were developed based on acurrent literature review using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. RESULTS: We formulated 28 recommendations for diagnosis (8), pharmacological treatment (12) as well as non-pharma-cological and palliative therapy (8). The experts suggest that surgical lung biopsy (SLB) not be performed in patients with the probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, with an appropriate clinical context and unanimous opinion of a multidisciplinary team. The experts recommend using antifibrotic agents in IPF patients and suggest their use irrespective of the degree of functional impairment. As regards non-pharmacological and palliative treatment, strong re-commendations were formulated regarding pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy (in patients with chronic respiratory failure), preventive vaccinations as well as referring IPF patients to transplant centres. Table 1 presents an aggregate list of recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish Respiratory Society Working Group developed guidelines for IPF diagnosis and treatment.

Cardiac sarcoidosis: worse pulmonary function due to left ventricular ejection fraction?: A case-control study.

Dyspnea and exercise intolerance are usually attributed to pulmonary disease in sarcoidosis patients. However, cardiac involvement may also be responsible for these symptoms. Data regarding the impact of heart involvement on lung function in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is limited.The aim of study was to compare the results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in patients with and without heart involvement. We performed a retrospective analysis of PFTs in a group of sarcoidosis patients both with and without heart involvement evaluated by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study. The study was performed in the period between May 2008 and April 2016.We included data of sarcoidosis patients who underwent testing for possible CS (including CMR study) at a national tertiary referral center for patients with interstitial lung diseases. All patients had histopathologicaly confirmed sarcoidosis and underwent standard evaluation with PFTs measurements including spirometry, plethysmography, lung transfer factor (TL,CO), and 6-minute walking test (6MWT) assessed using the most recent predicted values.We identified 255 sarcoidosis patients (93 women, age 42 ±â€Š10.7 y): 103 with CS and 152 without CS (controls). CS patients had significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; 56.9 ±â€Š7.0 vs 60.4 ±â€Š5.4, P < .001). Any type of lung dysfunction was seen in 63% of CS patients compared with 31% in the controls (P = .005). Ventilatory disturbances (obstructive or restrictive pattern) and low TL,CO were more frequent in CS group (52% vs 23%, P < .001 and 38% vs 18% P < .01 respectively). CS (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.11-4.07, P = .02), stage of the disease (OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.4-7.0, P = .006) and LVEF (coefficient = -0.068 ±â€Š0.027, P = .011) were independent factors associated with low FEV1 but not low TL,CO. There was a significant correlation between LVEF and FEV1 in CS group (r = 0.31, n = 89, P = .003). No significant difference in 6MWD between CS patients and controls was observed.Lung function impairment was more frequent in CS. Lower LVEF was associated with decreased values of FEV1. Relatively poor lung function may be an indication of cardiac sarcoidosis.

Inhaled therapies in patients with moderate COPD in clinical practice: current thinking.

COPD is a complex, heterogeneous condition. Even in the early clinical stages, COPD carries a significant burden, with breathlessness frequently leading to a reduction in exercise capacity and changes that correlate with long-term patient outcomes and mortality. Implementation of an effective management strategy is required to reduce symptoms, preserve lung function, quality of life, and exercise capacity, and prevent exacerbations. However, current clinical practice frequently differs from published guidelines on the management of COPD. This review focuses on the current scientific evidence and expert opinion on the management of moderate COPD: the symptoms arising from moderate airflow obstruction and the burden these symptoms impose, how physical activity can improve disease outcomes, the benefits of dual bronchodilation in COPD, and the limited evidence for the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids in this disease. We emphasize the importance of maximizing bronchodilation in COPD with inhaled dual-bronchodilator treatment, enhancing patient-related outcomes, and enabling the withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD in well-defined patient groups.

Systemic treatment for sarcoidosis was needed for 16% of 1810 Caucasian patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease predominantly affecting the lungs, although granulomas can also involve all other organs. Fortunately, it is often a self-limiting disease and aggressive treatment is not indicated in majority of cases. However, treatment is recommended when critical organs are affected or the disease is progressive. So far, there is lack of reliable information regarding the frequency of treatment in Caucasian population or data are discordant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of systemic immune-modulating treatment in a large cohort of sarcoidosis patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients discharged from our institution with the final diagnosis 'sarcoidosis' (ICD-10: D86) from January 2010 to December 2013. RESULTS: 1810 sarcoidosis patients were hospitalized during these four years, 47.6% were females, mean age was 43.5 ± 12.2 years. The majority (80.6%) were discharged as pulmonary and/or lymph node sarcoidosis (D86.0, D86.1, D86.2). Only 281 (15.5%) patients were discharged with systemic treatment, 60.1% of them were men (OR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1-1.9, P = .0047). The 44.8% of patients who had sarcoidosis also involving an organ other than the lungs (D86.8) were much more likely to be treated: OR 5.6; 95% CI: 4.2-7.4, P < .0001). Older age (>50) was also identified as a risk factor for treatment (odds ratio: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Less than 16% sarcoidosis patients required systemic treatment. Older men with multiorgan sarcoidosis were more likely to be treated.

Prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis in white population: a case-control study: Proposal for a novel risk index based on commonly available tests.

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a life-threatening and underdiagnosed manifestation of the disease, which requires a complicated and expensive diagnostic pathway. There is a need for simple tool for practitioners to determine the risk of CS without access to specialized equipment.The aim of study was to determine the prevalence of CS in a group of patients diagnosed with or followed up because of sarcoidosis. A secondary objective was the search for factors associated with heart involvement.We performed a prospective case-control study (screening analysis) in consecutive sarcoidosis patients collected from October 2012 to September 2015. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed to confirm or exclude cardiac involvement in all patients. The study was conducted in a hospital-based referral center for patients with sarcoidosis and other interstitial lung diseases.Analysis was performed in a group of 201 patients (all white) with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis, mean age 41.4 ±â€Š10.2, 121 of them (60.2%) males. Four patients with previously recognized cardiac diseases, which make CMR imaging for CS inconclusive, were not included.Cardiac involvement was detected by CMR in 49 patients (24.4%). Factors associated with an increased risk of CS (univariate analyses) included male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.5; 1.21-5.16, P = 0.01), cardiac-related symptoms (OR: 3.53; 1.81-6.89, P = 0.0002), extrathoracic sarcoidosis (OR: 3.48; 1.77-6.84, P = 0.0003), elevated serum NT-proBNP (OR: 3.82; 1.55-9.42, P = 0.004), any electrocardiography abnormality (OR: 5.38; 2.48-11.67, P = 0.0001), and contemporary radiological progression sarcoidosis in the lungs (OR: 2.98; 1.52-5.84, P = 0.001). Abnormalities in echocardiography and Holter ECG were also risk factors, but not significant in multivariate analyses. A CS Risk Index was developed using a multivariate model to predict CS, achieving an accuracy of 82%, sensitivity of 50%, specificity of 94%, and likelihood ratio 8.1.CS was detected in one fourth of patients. A CS Risk Index based on the results of easily accessible tests is cost-effective and may help to identify patients who should be urgently referred for further diagnostic procedures.

Use the Lower Limit of Normal, Not 80% Predicted, in Judging Eligibility for Lung Resection.

BACKGROUND: Impaired lung function (LF) is a well-known risk factor for perioperative complications in patients qualified for lung resection surgery. The recent European guidelines recommend using values below 80% predicted as indicating abnormal LF rather than the lower limit of normal (LLN). OBJECTIVES: To assess how the choice of a cut-off point (80% predicted vs. LLN at -1.645 SD) affects the incidence of functional disorders and postoperative complications in lung cancer patients referred for lung resection. METHODS: Preoperative spirometry and the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TL,CO) were retrospectively analysed in 851 consecutive lung cancer patients after resectional surgery. RESULTS: Airway obstruction was diagnosed in 369 (43.4%), and a restrictive pattern in 41 patients (4.8%). The forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) or TL,CO was below the LLN in 503 patients (59.1%), whereas the FEV1 or TL,CO was <80% predicted in 620 patients (72.9%; χ2 test: p < 0.0001). In all, 117 out of 851 patients had LF indices <80% predicted but not below the LLN. Odds ratios (ORs) for perioperative complications were higher in patients with impaired LF indices defined as below the LLN (1.59, p = 0.0005) with the exception of large resections (>5 segments). In patients with test results above the LLN and <80% predicted, the OR for perioperative complications was not different (1.14, p = 0.5) from that in patients with normal LF. CONCLUSIONS: LF impairments are common in candidates for lung resection. Using the LLN instead of 80% predicted diminishes the prevalence of respiratory impairment by 14% and allows for safe resectional surgery without additional function testing.

Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Is it More Common in Men?

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease which predominantly affects the lungs, although granulomas can also involve all other organs, including the heart. Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) may occur at any stage of the disease and may be the cause of sudden cardiac death, even in a previously asymptomatic patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of CS in a large group of patients diagnosed or followed up due to sarcoidosis. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients at our institution discharged with the final diagnosis "sarcoidosis" (ICD-10: D86) from January 2008 to October 2012. Only those with biopsy (from respiratory tract or lymph nodes) confirmed diagnosis of sarcoidosis were included. We then selected the subset of patients with cardiac involvement due to sarcoidosis confirmed by positive magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The study covered 1375 consecutive sarcoidosis patients (51 % men), who were hospitalized during 5 years. Multiorgan disease was detected in 160 cases (11.7 %), and cardiac involvement was found in 64 patients (4.7 % of all), 70.3 % of whom were men. Twelve of those with CS were in stage I, 48 in stage II, and four in stage III. The odds ratio for having cardiac involvement in men compared to women was 2.3 (95 % CI 1.36-4.0, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis was diagnosed in the similar percentage as in previously published data but was significantly more frequently in men.

What comorbidities accompany sarcoidosis? A large cohort (n=1779) patients analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous multiorgan disease with the most common manifestation is in the chest, although the granulomas can also involve all other organs causing variety of symptoms mimicking different diseases. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of comorbidity in a large group of patients with sarcoidosis diagnosed or followed in referral center for lung diseases in Poland. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis in a group of 1779 patients discharged with the final diagnosis "sarcoidosis" (ICD-10: D86) from January 2008 to October 2011. RESULTS: The majority (79.2%) were diagnosed as pulmonary and/or lymph node sarcoidosis (D86.0, D86.1, D86.2). Sarcoidosis of other and combined sites (D86.8) were diagnosed in 15.8% and unspecified (D86.9) in 5.0% of patients. At least one comorbid condition was noted in 54% of the patients, most frequently arterial hypertension (22.4%), thyroid disorders (5.6%), diabetes mellitus (5.0%), COPD (4.3%) and obesity (3.3%). Using linear regression models, the associations between the number of comorbidities and age and extent of the disease were found (p<0.001). Patients with multiorgan sarcoidosis were more likely to have a comorbid condition. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of patients with sarcoidosis have a comorbid condition, which is more likely in older patients and those with multiorgan involvement.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Poland: distribution of patients according to the new GOLD 2011 classification. Cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: In 2011 new classification for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was introduced, which are not based on the extent of airflow limitation alone, but also on symptoms and risk of exacerbation. The objective of our work was to present the characteristics of COPD patients according to the GOLD 2011 categories. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed with the participation of 411 specialists in pneumonology or allergology all over from Poland. RESULTS: In the group of 2271 patients we obtained the following distribution of COPD categories: A 687 (30.3%), B 403 (17.7%), C 256 (11.3%), and D 925 (40.7%). There were very few patients with no exacerbation (1.3%). In subgroups A and B there were no such patients at all. The main reason for classification of patients into categories C and D was the number of exacerbations of COPD (66.0% and 40%, respectively). Cardiovascular comorbidities were more frequent in subgroups B and D, with more symptoms (82%) than in subgroups A and C (57%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a large group of patients, representative of the population of COPD patients in Poland, we observed an uneven distribution of patients in the GOLD 2011 categories, with 71% of patients assigned to category A or D. In our study, the main reason for classifying to category C or D was the high risk of disease exacerbation rather than the degree of FEV1 reduction, as noted in other reports.

Grading the severity of airways obstruction: new wine in new bottles.

The objective of this study was to redesign the current grading of obstructive lung disease so that it is clinically relevant and free of biases related to age, height, sex and ethnic group. Spirometric records from 17 880 subjects (50.4% female) from hospitals in Australia and Poland, and 21 191 records (53.0% female) from two epidemiological studies (age range 18-95 years) were analysed. We adopted the American Thoracic Society(ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria for airways obstruction based on an forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/(forced) vital capacity ((F)VC) ratio below the fifth percentile and graded the severity of pulmonary function impairment using z-scores for FEV1, which signify how many standard deviations a result is from the mean predicted value. Using the lower limit of normal for FEV1/(F)VC and z-scores for FEV1 of -2, -2.5, -3 and -4 to delineate severity grades of airflow limitation leads to close agreement with ATS/ERS severity classifications and removes age, sex and height related bias. The new classification system is simple, easily memorised and clinically valid. It retains previously established associations with clinical outcomes and avoids biases due to the use of per cent predicted FEV1. Combined with the Global Lung Function prediction equations it provides a worldwide diagnostic standard, free of bias due to age, height, sex and ethnic group.

Measurement of FEF25-75% and FEF75% does not contribute to clinical decision making.

The aim of this study was to determine the added value of measuring the forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (FVC) (FEF25-75%) and flow when 75% of FVC has been exhaled (FEF75%) over and above the measurement of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio. We used spirometric measurements of FEV1, FVC and FEF25-75% from 11 654 white males and 11 113 white females, aged 3-94 years, routinely tested in the pulmonary function laboratories of four tertiary hospitals. FEF75% was available in 8254 males and 7407 females. Predicted values and lower limits of normal, defined as the fifth percentile, were calculated for FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEF25-75% and FEF75% using prediction equations from the Global Lung Function Initiative. There was very little discordance in classifying test results. FEF25-75% and FEF75% were below the normal range in only 2.75% and 1.29% of cases, respectively, whereas FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio were within normal limits. Airways obstruction went undetected by FEF25-75% in 2.9% of cases and by FEF75% in 12.3% of cases. Maximum mid-expiratory flow and flow towards the end of the forced expiratory manoeuvre do not contribute usefully to clinical decision making over and above information from FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio.

Respiratory system involvement in chronic liver diseases.

Liver diseases are often associated with respiratory complications. They may manifest as pleural effusion, interstitial lung disease, as well as various combinations of symptoms affecting the pulmonary vasculature. The duration and severity of liver disease is not always reflected by the degree of lung function impairment. On the other hand, progressive damage to the lungs significantly worsens prognosis in the course of severe liver disease. The diagnosis is difficult and often requires multidisciplinary cooperation. The effects of pharmacological treatment are not always satisfactory. In numerous cases, liver transplantation proves to be the best option.

Implications of adopting the Global Lungs Initiative 2012 all-age reference equations for spirometry.

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic and interpretative consequences of adopting the Global Lungs Initiative (GLI) 2012 spirometric prediction equations. We assessed spirometric records from 17 572 subjects (49.5% females), aged 18-85 years, from hospitals in Australia and Poland. We calculated predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced expiratory volume (FVC), FEV1/FVC and lower limits of normal (LLN) using European Community for Steel and Coal (ECSC), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III and GLI 2012 equations. Obstruction was defined as FEV1/FVCLLN and FVC20% underdiagnosis of airway obstruction up to the age of 55 years and to 16-23% overdiagnosis in older subjects. GLI 2012 equations increase the prevalence of a "restrictive spirometric pattern" compared to ECSC but decrease it compared to NHANES.

Reversibility of airway obstruction vs bronchodilatation: do we speak the same language?

Airway reversibility test (or bronchodilatation test) is performed routinely in the diagnosis of obstructive lung diseases. The results of this test may be helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but sometimes bring confusion. Unfortunately, the nomenclature used for test result is not uniform, which also leads to confusion. Next the reader will find an attempt to order the state of affairs and the introduction of a uniform nomenclature, which would be consistent with the logic and allow for unambiguous classification of reversibility test results to facilitate future decisions based on the differential diagnosis.

Health state and the quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Poland: a study using the EuroQoL-5D questionnaire.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a severe condition that leads to respiratory disability, considerably reduces the comfort of living, and affects all aspects of patient activity. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to assess the quality of life (QoL) in patients with diagnosed COPD using the health­related QoL questionnaire, EQ­5D, as a research tool. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross­sectional survey was conducted in a large group of patients with COPD (n = 9310). The data were obtained using a specially designed questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the study population were patients with mild and moderate COPD (stage 1 and 2 according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 16% and 54%, respectively). Lower QoL, reported by patients, was shown for each stage of the disease, including patients with mild­to­moderate COPD. Significant differences were observed between the groups of patients stratified by spirometry results in the perceived health state assessed using the questionnaire and the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the results of the EQ­5D correlated with those of the VAS. We observed a statistically significant effect of comorbidities (especially heart failure) and severe (or very severe) COPD on the health status reported by patients (linear regression model, P < 0.001). Patients with history of exacerbations had higher VAS scores (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The EQ­5D along with VAS seems to be a useful tool in assessing the health status of patients with COPD. Of note, significant limitations affecting the various aspects of patients' lives were reported also in milder stages of COPD.