ABSTRACT
The binding and function of ß-arrestins are regulated by specific phosphorylation motifs present in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, the exact arrangement of phosphorylated amino acids responsible for establishing a stable interaction remains unclear. We employ a 1D sequence convolution model trained on GPCRs with established ß-arrestin-binding properties. With this approach, amino acid motifs characteristic of GPCRs that form stable interactions with ß-arrestins can be identified, a pattern that we name "arreSTick." Intriguingly, the arreSTick pattern is also present in numerous non-receptor proteins. Using proximity biotinylation assay and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that the arreSTick motif controls the interaction between many non-receptor proteins and ß-arrestin2. The HIV-1 Tat-specific factor 1 (HTSF1 or HTATSF1), a nuclear transcription factor, contains the arreSTick pattern, and its subcellular localization is influenced by ß-arrestin2. Our findings unveil a broader role for ß-arrestins in phosphorylation-dependent interactions, extending beyond GPCRs to encompass non-receptor proteins as well.
