¿Es el paciente inmigrante un buen candidato para diálisis peritoneal? / Does the immigrant patient is a good candidate for peritoneal dialysis?

Introducción: El paciente inmigrante a veces presenta barreras que provocan dudas de su inclusión en diálisis peritoneal. Objetivo: Analizar si ser inmigrante influye en los resultados de la diálisis peritoneal. Material y Método: 143 pacientes incidentes en diálisis peritoneal (años 2010-17). Datos demográficos, clínicos y de pronóstico (definición pobre resultado en diálisis peritoneal: peritonitis superior a media de la unidad, transferencia a hemodiálisis en primeros 6 meses y mortalidad relacionada con la técnica). Resultados: Comparando los pacientes inmigrantes y no inmigrantes se observan diferencias: edad (42,4 vs 62,3 años; p=<0,001), numero de sesiones de entrenamiento (7,5 vs 9,27; p=0,037), sexo (61,1 vs 25,2% mujeres; p=0,002), nivel económico (44,4 vs 13,7%; p=0,005), educación (16,7 vs 1,6%; p=0,004), situación laboral (5,6 vs 61,3%; p≤0,001) y grado de autonomía (38,9 vs 13,7% actividad prácticamente normal; p=0,031). Sin diferencias respecto a los datos pronósticos. Un 25,3% de los pacientes presentan un pobre resultado en diálisis peritoneal y el resto un buen resultado. La única diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos son el número de sesiones de entrenamiento (10 sesiones vs 8,7 sesiones; p=0,048). En el análisis multivariante no se encontró asociación entre el pobre resultado de la técnica con ninguna de las variables introducidas en el modelo inicial, tan solo, se aproximó el grado de funcionalidad del paciente, aunque sin alcanzar significación estadística. Conclusiones: Los pacientes inmigrantes, a pesar de condiciones sociodemográficas distintas, tienen un resultado similar a los no inmigrantes en diálisis peritoneal

Introduction: The immigrant patient sometimes presents barriers that cause doubts about their inclusion in peritoneal dialysis. Objective: To analyse if being an immigrant influences the results of peritoneal dialysis. Material and Method: 143 incident patients in peritoneal dialysis (years 2010-17). Demographic, clinical and prognostic data (poor outcome definition in peritoneal dialysis: peritonitis greater than half of the unit, transfer to haemodialysis in the first 6 months and mortality related to the technique). Results: Comparing immigrant and non-immigrant patients, differences were observed: age (42.4 vs 62.3 years, p<0.001), number of training sessions (7.5 vs 9.27, p=0.037), sex (61.1 vs. 25.2% women, p=0.002), economic level (44.4 vs. 13.7%, p=0.005), education (16.7 vs. 1.6%, p=0.004), employment situation (5.6 vs 61.3%, p<0.001) and degree of autonomy (38.9 vs 13.7% practically normal activity, p=0.031). No differences with respect to the prognostic data. A 25.3% of patients present a poor result in peritoneal dialysis and the remaining patients a good result. Only significant differences between both groups were found in the number of training sessions (10 sessions vs 8.7 sessions, p=0.048). The only factor that tends to be associated independently (multivariate analysis) to a poor result in peritoneal dialysis is the degree of functionality of the patient. No associations were found with being an immigrant patient or with other variables. Conclusions: Immigrant patients, in spite of the different sociodemographic conditions, have a similar outcome to non-immigrant patients in peritoneal dialysis

Correction: The modality of dialysis does not influence atheromatous vascular disease progression or cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients without previous cardiovascular disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186921.].

The modality of dialysis does not influence atheromatous vascular disease progression or cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients without previous cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: There is limited and inconclusive information regarding the influence of the modality of renal replacement therapy on the atherosclerotic burden of patients on dialysis. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of asymptomatic atheromatous carotid disease, as also its rate of progression and cardiovascular outcomes, in two matched populations of patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). METHODS: Following a prospective, observational and multicenter design, we compared 237 PD and 237 HD patients without previous cardiovascular disease, included in the NEFRONA study, and matched for age, sex, diabetes and time on dialysis. Carotid ultrasound study was performed at baseline and after two years of follow-up in 6 carotid territories. Atheromatous vascular disease (AVD) progression was defined as any increase in the number of territories with plaques after 2 years. Fatal and non fatal cardiovascular events were also recorded during 36-month of follow-up. MAIN RESULTS: At baseline, PD patients presented a worse general cardiovascular risk profile than HD patients. On the contrary, some markers of prevalent atherosclerotic disease (common carotid intima-media thickness and ankle-brachial index) were more favorable in PD patients. During follow-up, we observed no differences either in the rate of progression of atheromatous vascular disease (OR 1.78, 95% CI 0.80-4.06, p = 0.161) or in the incidence of cardiovascular events (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.85-2.66, p = 0.159), according to the modality of dialysis. CONCLUSION: Dialysis modality did not impact on atherosclerotic carotid disease progression or cardiovascular outcomes, in two groups of patients treated with PD or HD.

Low Serum Levels of Vitamin D are Associated with Progression of Subclinical Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and the main predictors of progression of this condition in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) have been insufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVES AND METHOD: Following a prospective, multicenter, observational design, we studied 237 patients who were treated with PD for ≥3 months, without any clinical background of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Our objectives were the following: (1) to investigate the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, as compared to a control group of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals, and (2) to disclose PD technique-related predictors of progression of disease during a 24-month follow-up period. We used vascular ultrasound for characterization of subclinical atherosclerotic disease. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 123 patients (51.9%) vs. 79 controls (33.5%) presented ≥1 carotid plaque, and 114 patients (48.3%) vs. 72 controls (30.5%) ≥1 femoral plaque, at baseline evaluation (p < 0.0005). Progression of disease, either in clinical or ultrasound (new plaques) terms, affected 62.6% of patients. Multivariate analysis identified age, carotid intima-media thickness, presence of ≥1 carotid plaque, and serum levels of 25OH vitamin D and C-reactive protein (CRP) at baseline as independent correlates of progression of atherosclerotic disease. On the contrary, PD technique-related variables did not show any association with this outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Atherosclerotic vascular disease is frequent among asymptomatic patients undergoing PD. Older age, pre-existent disease (assessed by vascular ultrasound), and serum levels of 25OH vitamin D and CRP are independent markers of the progression of this condition. These findings may contribute to improve identification of subpopulations with a high risk of CV events, deserving intensified measures of prevention.

Baseline Residual Kidney Function and Its Ensuing Rate of Decline Interact to Predict Mortality of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Baseline residual kidney function (RKF) and its rate of decline during follow-up are purported to be reliable outcome predictors of patients undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis (PD). The independent contribution of each of these factors has not been elucidated. METHOD: We report a multicenter, longitudinal study of 493 patients incident on PD and satisfying two conditions: a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥1 mL/minute and a daily diuresis ≥300 mL. The main variables were the GFR (mean of urea and creatinine clearances) at PD inception and the GFR rate of decline during follow-up. The main outcome variable was patient mortality. The secondary outcome variables were: PD technique failure and risk of peritoneal infection. The statistical analysis was based on a multivariate approach, placing an emphasis on the interactions between the two main study variables. MAIN RESULTS: Baseline GFR and its rate of decline performed well as independent predictors of both patient mortality and risk of peritoneal infection. These two main study variables maintained a moderate correlation with each other (r2 = 0.12, p<0.0005), and interacted clearly, as predictors of patient mortality. A low baseline GFR followed by a fast decline portended the worst survival outcome (adjusted HR 3.84, 95%CI 1.81-8.14, p<0.0005)(Ref. baseline GFR above median plus rate of decline below median). In general, the rate of decline of RKF had a greater effect on mortality than baseline GFR, which had no detectable effect on survival when the decline of RKF was slow (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.81-2.22, p = 0.22). Conversely, a relatively high GFR at the start of PD still carried a significant risk of mortality, when RKF declined rapidly (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.05-3.72, p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: The risk-benefit balance of an early versus late start of PD cannot be evaluated without taking into consideration the rate of decline of RKF. This circumstance may contribute to explain the controversial results observed at the time of evaluating the potential benefits of an early initiation of PD.

Diálisis peritoneal incremental: resultados clínicos y preservación de la función renal residual / Incremental peritoneal dialysis: Clinical outcomes and residual kidney function preservation

Introducción: En los últimos años el inicio de diálisis peritoneal (DP) con 3 recambios se ha convertido en una práctica habitual, aunque se dispone de pocos resultados clínicos publicados. Objetivo: Descripción de la experiencia de inicio con DP incremental (DPI) en un centro. Material y métodos: A 46 pacientes en DPI se les realizó seguimiento clínico, analítico y tratamiento, y se estudió su evolución a 2 años. Resultados: A un 25% de los pacientes se les trasplanta en DPI. Tiempo medio de transferencia a DP convencional de 24 meses. La mitad de los pacientes son transferidos por manejo de líquidos. Buena estabilidad clínica y analítica con tasa de peritonitis de un episodio cada 99 meses. Enlentecimiento de la pérdida de función renal residual respecto al período prediálisis (−7,06 vs. −1,58ml/min/año; p=0,0001). Conclusiones: La experiencia en DPI con 3 recambios de inicio es positiva. La mayoría de los pacientes se mantienen estables durante los 2 primeros años, con un enlentecimiento de la pérdida de función renal residual respecto el período prediálisis (AU)

Introduction: Initiation of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with 3 exchanges has become common practice in recent years, despite the lack of published clinical data. Objective: To describe experience with incremental peritoneal dialysis (IPD) at a single site. Material and methods: A total of 46 IPD patients undergoing 2-year clinical, laboratory, treatment and progression follow-up. Results: To 25% of patients were trasplanted on IPD. Mean time on IPD before transfer to conventional PD of 24 months, half of the patients because of fluid balance. Good clinical and biochemical results with a peritonitis rate of one episode per 99 months. There was an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period (−7.06 vs. −1.58ml/min/year;P=.0001). Conclusions: IPD with 3 peritoneal exchanges offers good results. Most patients remain stable during the first 2 years and there is an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period (AU)

Incremental peritoneal dialysis: Clinical outcomes and residual kidney function preservation. / Diálisis peritoneal incremental: resultados clínicos y preservación de la función renal residual.

INTRODUCTION: Initiation of peritoneal dialysis (PD) with 3 exchanges has become common practice in recent years, despite the lack of published clinical data. OBJECTIVE: To describe experience with incremental peritoneal dialysis (IPD) at a single site. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 46 IPD patients undergoing 2-year clinical, laboratory, treatment and progression follow-up. RESULTS: To 25% of patients were trasplanted on IPD. Mean time on IPD before transfer to conventional PD of 24 months, half of the patients because of fluid balance. Good clinical and biochemical results with a peritonitis rate of one episode per 99 months. There was an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period (-7.06 vs. -1.58ml/min/year; P=.0001). CONCLUSIONS: IPD with 3 peritoneal exchanges offers good results. Most patients remain stable during the first 2 years and there is an improvement in the loss of residual kidney function compared to the pre-dialysis period.

[Results of the cooperative study of Spanish peritoneal dialysis registries: analysis of 12 years of follow-up]. / Resultados del trabajo cooperativo de los registros españoles de diálisis peritoneal: análisis de 12 años de seguimiento.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is currently no registry that gives a complete and overall view of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) situation in Spain. However, a report on PD in Spain was developed for various conferences and meetings over several years from data provided by each registry in the autonomous communities and regions. The main objective of this study is to analyse this data in aggregate and comparatively to obtain a representative sample of the Spanish population on PD in recent years, in order that analysis and results in terms of demographic data, penetration of the technique, geographical differences, incidence and prevalence, technical aspects, intermediate indicators, comorbidity, and outcomes such as patient and technique survival may be extrapolated to the whole country. DESIGN, MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational cohort study of autonomous PD registries, covering the largest possible percentage of the adult Spanish population (over 14 years of age) on PD, at least in the last decade (1999-2010), and in the largest possible geographical area in which we were able to recruit. A precise data collection strategy was followed for each regional registry. Once the information was received and clarified, they were added as aggregate data for statistical study. RESULTS: The regional registries that participated represent a total geographical area that encompasses 32,853,251 inhabitants over 14 years of age, 84% of the total Spanish population older than that age. The mean annual rate of incidents per million inhabitants (ppm) was variable (between 17.81 ppm in Andalusia and 29.90 ppm in the Basque Country), with a discrete and permanent increase in the overall PD incidence in Spain being observed in recent years. The mean annual prevalence per million population (ppm) was very heterogeneous (from 42 to 99 ppm). A mean progressive increase in the use of automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) was observed. The peritonitis rate was approximately one episode every 25-30 months/patient, with a slight decrease being observed in recent years. The causes of discontinuing PD were distributed fairly evenly between communities; almost a third was due to patient death (mean 28%), a third was due to renal transplantation (mean 39%) and a third was due to transfer to haemodialysis (technique failure: mean 32%). The main comorbidities were cardiovascular disease (30.2%) and diabetes mellitus (24.2%). The overall accumulated mean survival was 92.2%, 82.8%, 74.2%, 64.8% and 57% after one, two, three, four and five years respectively. There was significantly and independently worse survival for older patients and those with cardiovascular disease, patients with diabetes mellitus, those on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (vs. APD), those who started PD before 2004 (analysed in Andalusia and Catalonia), and patients with lower residual renal function at the start of PD (analysed in the Levante registry). Similarly, the technique survival has improved, showing a mean figure above 50% after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of PD in Spain are growing moderately and in a generalised manner and continue to maintain an irregular distribution by autonomous community. Both patient and technique survival were greater than 50% after 5 years, with an improvement being observed in recent years, and are comparable to countries with better results in this treatment.

Compared decline of residual kidney function in patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: There is controversy concerning the compared rates of decline of residual kidney function (RKF) in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). OBJECTIVES AND METHOD: Following an observational, multicenter design, we studied 493 patients initiating peritoneal dialysis (PD) in four different Spanish units. We explored the effect of the PD modality on the rate of decline of RKF and the probability of anuria during follow-up. We applied logistic regression for intention-to-treat analyses, and linear mixed models to explore time-dependent variables, excluding those affected by indication bias. MAIN RESULTS: Patients started on APD were younger and less comorbid than those initiated on CAPD. Baseline RKF was similar in both groups (p = 0.50). Eighty-seven patients changed their PD modality during follow-up. The following variables predicted a faster decline of RKF: higher (rate of decline) or lower (anuria) baseline RKF, younger age, proteinuria, nonprimary PD, use of PD solutions rich in glucose degradation products, higher blood pressure, and suffering peritonitis or cardiovascular events during follow-up. Overall, APD was not associated with a fast decline of RKF, but stratified analysis disclosed that patients with lower baseline RKF had an increased risk for this outcome when treated with this technique (HR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.09-4.82, p = 0.023). Moreover, the probability of anuria during follow-up was overtly higher in APD patients (HR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.25-6.69, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Starting PD patients directly on APD is associated with a faster decline of RKF and a higher risk of developing anuria than doing so on CAPD. This detrimental effect is more marked in patients initiating PD with lower levels of RKF.