Eating disorder symptoms and weight pressure in female rowers: associations between self-concept, psychological well-being and body composition.

BACKGROUND: Female rowers may be at risk of eating disorders and high weight pressure. AIM: The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence of disordered eating symptoms and weight-related pressure and the associations with self-concept, psychological well-being, socio-demographic data, experience, performance level and body composition in female fixed-bench rowers. METHODS: Female rowers (n = 208; age ranged mean ± SD 23.6 ± 6.5 years) completed the SCOFF scale, Weight-Pressures in Sport-Females (WPS-F), Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire and the Ryff scales of psychological well-being and provided information on their experience and level of competition. In a subgroup of 115 athletes, body composition was assessed using bioimpedance. RESULTS: It was found that 42.3% of the athletes scored ≥ 2 on SCOFF and mean ± SD value of WPS-F score was 3.65 ± 0.82. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that self-concept of strength and pressure from teammates and the uniform were associated with higher ED symptoms, whereas better psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, self-concept of attractiveness, and age were protective factors for ED symptoms. BMI, athletes' physical condition, strength, and experience were associated with more weight-related pressure and better self-concept of attractiveness and physical well-being of autonomy were significantly associated with less pressure. In body composition analysis, higher extra cellular water, self-acceptance, and physical condition were associated with more weight-related pressure in female rowers, being attractiveness and the environmental mastery protective elements. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ED symptomatology and weight-related pressure are high in female fixed bench rowing. The psychological factors of well-being and self-concept, team environment, body image concerns and body composition analysis should be considered to promote healthy eating behaviours in female rowers.

Athletes may be at increased risk of developing disordered eating behaviours that, if persistent, may lead to a diagnosis of an eating disorder. This can affect their health in the short and long term. The risk factors are many, and perceived weight-related pressures and psychological attitudes towards body image, appearance and concerns are less well understood. Female rowers are at high risk for eating disorder symptoms, and athletes' self-concept of strength and pressure from teammates and the uniform were associated as negative factors for eating disorder symptoms. On the other hand, better psychological well-being in terms of autonomy, self-concept of attractiveness and age were protective factors for eating disorder symptoms. Weight pressure was associated with higher body mass index, water retention, physical condition, strength and experience, whereas better self-concept of attractiveness and physical well-being were significantly associated with less pressure. Weight pressure and psychological attitudes towards body image have the role of protective/facilitating factors against the development of eating disorders. They should be taken into account when designing prevention and intervention programmes for athletes, coaches, parents and technical staff.

Negative self-talk in runners: Emotional intelligence and perceived stress as explanatory factors.

To optimize in the cognitive and emotional processes that appear in stressful situations in sports contexts is a relevant aspect to achieve a high level of performance. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between perceived stress, emotional intelligence and negative self-talk in runners. It also aimed to determine whether emotional intelligence factors could play a protective role in this relationship. The sample consisted of 1071 runners from a race held in the Basque Country (Spain). The age of the participants was between 18 and 75 years (Mean = 41.59; SD = 9.95; 71.4% men). Participants completed an online survey days after the race. The results showed that perceived stress would be related to greater use of negative self-talk. In addition, evaluation of others' emotions and emotional regulation would also explain the occurrence of negative self-talk. Likewise, the interaction between perceived stress and appraisal of one's own emotions would explain the occurrence of negative self-talk, this relationship being stronger among those with lower scores on appraisal of one's own emotions. Results and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Shelters: Correlates of Length of Stay and Subsequent Reentries.

The purpose of this study was to examine which variables are associated with the length of stay at a shelter and the likelihood of reentering the shelter after a first stay in a sample of 777 women victims of intimate partner violence. The results showed that the women's health, having been previously abused, and having children with them at the shelter were the best set of correlates for length of shelter stay; lack of social support, having been previously abused, and the abusers' being unemployed increased the risk of repeated use of shelters. The implications for intervention are discussed.

Abuso, control y violencia en la pareja a través de internet y los smartphones: Características, evaluación y prevención / Partner abuse, control and violence through internet and smartphones: Characteristics, evaluation and prevention

La violencia en la pareja constituye un problema social de gran relevancia por su elevada prevalencia y por las consecuencias para sus víctimas. En los últimos años, las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación, como Internet y los Smartphones, se han convertido en herramientas frecuentes para ejercer comportamientos de control y agresiones en las parejas jóvenes. En esta línea, la finalidad del presente trabajo es la de realizar una revisión actualizada sobre el abuso online en parejas jóvenes. Para ello, en primer lugar, se analiza en qué consiste este fenómeno y las principales manifestaciones del abuso online en la pareja a través de Internet y los Smartphones. A continuación, se lleva a cabo una revisión de los instrumentos desarrollados para su evaluación y sus propiedades psicométricas. Finalmente, se incluyen varias recomendaciones para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención derivadas de la evidencia empírica disponible

Partner abuse is an important social problem due to its high prevalence and the consequences it entails for the victims. In recent years, information and communication technologies, such as the Internet and Smartphones, have become frequent tools for exercising controlling behavior and aggression in young couples. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a review of the research on online abuse in young couples. To this end, firstly, we analyze what this phenomenon consists of and the main manifestations of online abuse in the couple through the Internet and Smartphones. Then, a review is carried out of the instruments developed for the assessment of online abuse and their psychometric properties. Finally, several recommendations are outlined for the development of prevention strategies derived from the available empirical evidence

Maladaptive schemas as mediators of the relationship between previous victimizations in the family and dating violence victimization in adolescents.

This study examined whether exposure to family violence, both in the form of direct victimization and witnessing violence, predicted dating violence victimization in adolescents through maladaptive schemas. A sample of 933 adolescents (445 boys and 488 girls), aged between 13 and 18 (M = 15.10), participated in a three-year longitudinal study. They completed measures of exposure to family violence, maladaptive schemas of disconnection/rejection, and dating violence victimization. The findings indicate that witnessing family violence predicts the increase of dating violence victimization over time, through the mediation of maladaptive schemas in girls, but not in boys. Direct victimization in the family predicts dating violence victimization directly, without the mediation of schemas. In addition, maladaptive schemas contribute to the perpetuation of dating violence victimization over time. These findings provide new opportunities for preventive interventions, as maladaptive schemas can be modified.

Abuso "online" en el noviazgo: relación con depresión, ansiedad y ajuste diádico / Cyber dating abuse: its link to depression, anxiety and dyadic adjustment

Aunque el estudio del abuso online en el noviazgo ha aumentado en los últimos anos, aun es escaso el conocimiento sobre las variables asociadas a la victimización de estas conductas. El presente estudio tiene dos objetivos: (1) analizar la relación de las principales formas de victimización de abuso online en el noviazgo (control y agresión directa, así como la interacción entre ambas) con la depresión, la ansiedad y el ajuste diádico; y (2) estudiar el papel moderador del sexo en estas relaciones. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 782 jóvenes entre 18 y 30 años. Los resultados mostraron que la victimización online se relaciona tanto con mayores niveles de depresión como de ansiedad, así como con un peor ajuste diádico. Asimismo, la relación entre la depresión y la ansiedad con la agresión directa estuvo moderada por el control. El sexo, por su parte, modero la relación entre la agresión directa y el ajuste diádico. Los resultados tienen importantes implicaciones para la prevención e intervención de estas conductas

Although the study of cyber dating abuse has increased in recent years, there is still limited knowledge about the variables associated with victimization in these behaviors. This study has two objectives: (1) to analyze the relationship of the main forms of online victimization of cyber dating abuse (control and direct aggression, and the interaction between them) with depression, anxiety and dyadic adjustment; and (2) to study the moderating role of sex in these relationships. The sample consisted of 782 youths between 18 and 30 years. The results showed that online victimization is related to both higher levels of depression and anxiety as well as to a worse dyadic adjustment. Furthermore, the relationship between depression and anxiety with direct aggression was moderated by control. Sex, in turn, moderated the relationship between direct aggression and dyadic adjustment. These findings have important implications for prevention and intervention on cyber dating abuse

Risky online behaviors among adolescents: Longitudinal relations among problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online.

Background and aims This study aims to analyze the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between three major risky online behaviors during adolescence: problematic Internet use, cyberbullying perpetration, and meeting strangers online. An additional objective was to study the role of impulsivity-irresponsibility as a possible explanatory variable of the relationships between these risky online behaviors. Methods The study sample was 888 adolescents that completed self-report measures at time 1 and time 2 with an interval of 6 months. Results The findings showed a significant cross-sectional relationship between the risky online behaviors analyzed. At the longitudinal level, problematic Internet use at time 1 predicted an increase in the perpetration of cyberbullying and meeting strangers online at time 2. Furthermore, meeting strangers online increased the likelihood of cyberbullying perpetration at time 2. Finally, when impulsivity-irresponsibility was included in the model as an explanatory variable, the relationships previously found remained significant. Discussion These results extend traditional problem behavior theory during adolescence, also supporting a relationship between different risky behaviors in cyberspace. In addition, findings highlighted the role of problematic Internet use, which increased the chances of developing cyberbullying perpetration and meeting strangers online over time. However, the results suggest a limited role of impulsivity-irresponsibility as an explicative mechanism. Conclusions The findings suggest that various online risk activities ought to be addressed together when planning assessment, prevention and intervention efforts.

Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse / Creencias justificadoras de la violencia, mitos sobre el amor y abuso online en el noviazgo

BACKGROUND: Distorted beliefs about violence and love are often associated with the presence of violence in dating relationships. This study analyzes the relationship between beliefs that justify violence and myths about love in two types of cyber dating abuse (control and direct aggression). METHOD: The sample consisted of 656 young people between the ages of 18 and 30 years (79.5% women). RESULTS:Regression analysis showed that justification of cyber dating abuse was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of direct aggression in online dating relationships. Myths about love were associated with a greater likelihood of control in online dating relationships. Furthermore, the relationship between justification of cyber dating abuse and perpetration of direct aggression was stronger in women. The relationship between myths about love and perpetration of online control was stronger among the youngest individuals. CONCLUSION: The justification of abuse and myths about love are important aspects in the development of different kinds of online abuse among young couples. This finding has important implications for the prevention of and intervention in these behaviors

ANTECEDENTES: las creencias distorsionadas sobre la violencia y el amor se han relacionado con la presencia de violencia en las relaciones de pareja. El presente estudio analiza la relación de las creencias que justifican la violencia y los mitos del amor en dos formas de abuso online en el noviazgo (control y agresión directa). MÉTODO: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 656 jóvenes de entre 18 y 30 años (79.5% mujeres). RESULTADOS: los análisis de regresión pusieron de manifiesto que la justificación del abuso online se asoció significativamente a una mayor probabilidad de perpetración de agresión directa online en relaciones de noviazgo. Los mitos del amor, por su parte, se relacionaron con una mayor probabilidad de perpetración de control online. Además, la relación entre la justificación del abuso online y la perpetración de agresión directa fue más fuerte entre las mujeres. Por su parte, la relación entre los mitos sobre el amor y la perpetración de control fue más fuerte entre los más jóvenes. CONCLUSIÓN: la justificación del abuso y los mitos del amor se presentan como aspectos importantes en la aparición de formas de abuso online en parejas. Esto tiene importantes implicaciones para la prevención e intervención sobre estos comportamientos

Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse.

BACKGROUND: Distorted beliefs about violence and love are often associated with the presence of violence in dating relationships. This study analyzes the relationship between beliefs that justify violence and myths about love in two types of cyber dating abuse (control and direct aggression). METHOD: The sample consisted of 656 young people between the ages of 18 and 30 years (79.5% women). RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that justification of cyber dating abuse was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of direct aggression in online dating relationships. Myths about love were associated with a greater likelihood of control in online dating relationships. Furthermore, the relationship between justification of cyber dating abuse and perpetration of direct aggression was stronger in women. The relationship between myths about love and perpetration of online control was stronger among the youngest individuals. CONCLUSION: The justification of abuse and myths about love are important aspects in the development of different kinds of online abuse among young couples. This finding has important implications for the prevention of and intervention in these behaviors.