Psychometric properties of the Child Development Assessment Questionnaire (QAD-PIPAS) for use in population studies involving Brazilian children aged 0-59 months

Abstract Objective: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Child Development Assessment Questionnaire (QAD-PIPAS). Methods: This methodological study was comprised of two axes. The first one aimed to analyze the instrument's construct validity (discriminant and concurrent validity) and internal consistency, and the second one examined test-retest reliability, involving two different samples and procedures. For construct validity and internal consistency, the sample was recruited in Embu das Artes-SP, Brasilia-DF and Recife-PE during the immunization campaign in 2017, involving caregivers of 2005 children under 60 months of age (1295 under 36 and 710 from 37 to 59 months). For the test-retest analysis the sample consisted of 30 children aged 0-59 months old that attended daycare centers in Embu das Artes-SP in 2018. Results: Multivariate analyses of construct validity showed that the QAD-PIPAS was able to identify the association between the outcome (suspected child development delays) and expected risk and protective factors based on Nurturing Care Framework (OMS/UNICEF). A significant positive correlation was achieved between the scores of the QAD-PIPAS and CREDI in six of the eight age groups analyzed, with the most significant correlations being in the age groups from 25 to 30 and 31-36 months. Acceptable internal consistencies were identified in all age groups, with better performance above 36 months of age (Cronbach's alpha between 0.61 to 0.80). We also found an adequate test-retest reliability (global Kappa 0.81). Conclusion: The QAD-PIPAS showed evidence of construct validity and reliability to be used in population studies involving children aged 0-59 months during multi-vaccination campaigns in Brazil.

Psychometric properties of the Child Development Assessment Questionnaire (QAD-PIPAS) for use in population studies involving Brazilian children aged 0-59 months.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Child Development Assessment Questionnaire (QAD-PIPAS). METHODS: This methodological study was comprised of two axes. The first one aimed to analyze the instrument's construct validity (discriminant and concurrent validity) and internal consistency, and the second one examined test-retest reliability, involving two different samples and procedures. For construct validity and internal consistency, the sample was recruited in Embu das Artes-SP, Brasilia-DF and Recife-PE during the immunization campaign in 2017, involving caregivers of 2005 children under 60 months of age (1295 under 36 and 710 from 37 to 59 months). For the test-retest analysis the sample consisted of 30 children aged 0-59 months old that attended daycare centers in Embu das Artes-SP in 2018. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses of construct validity showed that the QAD-PIPAS was able to identify the association between the outcome (suspected child development delays) and expected risk and protective factors based on Nurturing Care Framework (OMS/UNICEF). A significant positive correlation was achieved between the scores of the QAD-PIPAS and CREDI in six of the eight age groups analyzed, with the most significant correlations being in the age groups from 25 to 30 and 31-36 months. Acceptable internal consistencies were identified in all age groups, with better performance above 36 months of age (Cronbach's alpha between 0.61 to 0.80). We also found an adequate test-retest reliability (global Kappa 0.81). CONCLUSION: The QAD-PIPAS showed evidence of construct validity and reliability to be used in population studies involving children aged 0-59 months during multi-vaccination campaigns in Brazil.

[Implementation of the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil: barriers and trategiesObstáculos y estrategias para la aplicación de las Directrices Nacionales para el Parto Normal en el Brasil]. / Barreiras e estratégias para implementação de Diretrizes Nacionais do Parto Normal no Brasil.

The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote the use of guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. An effective implementation of the Guidelines is relevant to improve the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.

En este informe se presentan los procesos y resultados de un proyecto de traducción de conocimiento desarrollado en tres etapas para identificar los obstáculos y las estrategias para la aplicación efectiva de las Directrices Nacionales para el Parto Normal en el Brasil. El marco metodológico adoptado comprendió la iniciativa iPIER (Improving Program Implementation through Embedded Research) y las herramientas SUPPORT para políticas basadas en evidencia. En la primera etapa se evaluó la calidad de las Directrices y se identificaron los obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia mundial y el análisis de las contribuciones obtenidas mediante una consulta pública. En la segunda etapa, una síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un diálogo deliberativo para la priorización de los obstáculos. Por último, una nueva síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un segundo diálogo deliberativo y presentó seis opciones para hacer frente a los obstáculos priorizados: 1) fomentar el uso de estrategias de intervención polifacéticas; 2) promover intervenciones educativas para mejorar el uso de directrices sanitarias; 3) realizar auditorías y proporcionar retroalimentación para la adecuación de la práctica profesional; 4) utilizar recordatorios para mediar en la interacción entre profesionales y usuarios; 5) permitir intervenciones mediadas por el paciente; y 6) incluir a líderes de opinión para fomentar el uso de directrices sanitarias. Se documentaron y presentaron los procesos y resultados de cada etapa del proyecto para fundamentar la actualización de las Directrices y la elaboración de un plan de aplicación de las recomendaciones. La aplicación efectiva de las Directrices es importante para mejorar la atención del parto y el nacimiento en el Brasil.

Implementation of national childbirth guidelines in Brazil: barriers and strategies

[ABSTRACT]. The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the Implementation of the National Guidelines for Normal Childbirth in Brazil, as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as the basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote use of the Guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. Effective implementation of the Guidelines is important for improving the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.

[RESUMEN]. En este informe se presentan los procesos y resultados de un proyecto de traducción de conocimiento desarrollado en tres etapas para identificar los obstáculos y las estrategias para la aplicación efectiva de las Directrices Nacionales para el Parto Normal en el Brasil. El marco metodológico adoptado comprendió la iniciativa iPIER (Improving Program Implementation through Embedded Research) y las herramientas SUPPORT para políticas basadas en evidencia. En la primera etapa se evaluó la calidad de las Directrices y se identificaron los obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia mundial y el análisis de las contribuciones obtenidas mediante una consulta pública. En la segunda etapa, una síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un diálogo deliberativo para la priorización de los obstáculos. Por último, una nueva síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un segundo diálogo deliberativo y presentó seis opciones para hacer frente a los obstáculos priorizados: 1) fomentar el uso de estrategias de intervención polifacéticas; 2) promover intervenciones educativas para mejorar el uso de directrices sanitarias; 3) realizar auditorías y proporcionar retroalimentación para la adecuación de la práctica profesional; 4) utilizar recordatorios para mediar en la interacción entre profesionales y usuarios; 5) permitir intervenciones mediadas por el paciente; y 6) incluir a líderes de opinión para fomentar el uso de directrices sanitarias. Se documentaron y presentaron los procesos y resultados de cada etapa del proyecto para fundamentar la actualización de las Directrices y la elaboración de un plan de aplicación de las recomendaciones. La aplicación efectiva de las Directrices es importante para mejorar la atención del parto y el nacimiento en el Brasil.

Development and validation of an instrument for monitoring child development indicators / Elaboração e validação de um instrumento para monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil

Abstract Objective: To create and validate an instrument for child development monitoring. Methods: Methodological study, based on the World Bank's proposition to monitor child development indicators in low- and middle-income countries. The stages of the study included the following: development of an inventory of items for child development evaluation, based on open access instruments; content validation by a group of experts on the topic, using consensus techniques; selection of questions to describe children and their families; pre-test of the instrument during the vaccination campaign in 2016 in three municipalities, and conducting cognitive interviews. Results: A total of 431 items were sent for the evaluation of the specialists; 77 were initially excluded and the others were evaluated in-person by the group, with 162 items covering the motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains, distributed in ten age ranges. Questions about health, nutrition, early learning, protection and safety, and responsive care were also included. The instrument was applied by volunteer undergraduate students to 367 mothers of children under 5 years, showing good adherence of the caregivers. The time of application of the questionnaire was, on average, 20 minutes. The cognitive interviews allowed the final adjustment of 19 items of the instrument for better understanding by the caregivers. Conclusions: The instrument created and validated by experts fills a gap, as it allows a comprehensive evaluation of the development of children under 5 years at the population level, using a fast and inexpensive tool, and can be useful for monitoring indicators of development in Brazilian children in vaccination campaigns.

Resumo Objetivo: Elaborar e validar um instrumento para o monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil. Métodos: Estudo metodológico baseado na proposta do Banco Mundial para medir indicadores do desenvolvimento infantil em países de baixa e média renda. As etapas do estudo contemplaram: elaboração de um inventário de itens para avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil, com base em instrumentos de livre acesso; validação de conteúdo por um grupo de especialistas no tema, com técnicas de consenso; seleção de questões para descrever as crianças e suas famílias; pré-teste do instrumento durante a campanha de vacinação de 2016 em três municípios e realização de entrevistas cognitivas. Resultados: Foram enviados 431 itens para avaliação dos especialistas, 77 foram excluídos e os demais apreciados presencialmente pelo grupo. No fim foram selecionados 162 itens que abrangeram os domínios motor, cognitivo, de linguagem e socioemocional, distribuídos em 10 faixas etárias. Foram incluídas questões sobre saúde, nutrição, aprendizagem precoce, proteção e segurança e cuidado responsivo. O instrumento foi aplicado por universitários voluntários a 367 mães de crianças menores de cinco anos, mostrou boa adesão dos cuidadores. O tempo médio de aplicação do questionário foi 20 minutos. As entrevistas cognitivas permitiram ajustar 19 itens do instrumento para melhor compreensão dos cuidadores. Conclusões: O instrumento construído e validado por especialistas preenche uma lacuna, que permite uma avaliação abrangente do desenvolvimento de crianças menores de cinco anos, em nível populacional, de forma rápida e barata, pode ser útil para o monitoramento de indicadores do desenvolvimento em campanhas de vacinação.

Barreiras e estratégias para implementação de Diretrizes Nacionais do Parto Normal no Brasil

[RESUMO]. Este relato apresenta os processos e resultados de um projeto de tradução do conhecimento desenvolvido em três etapas para identificar barreiras e estratégias para a efetiva implementação das Diretrizes Nacionais do Parto Normal no Brasil. O referencial metodológico adotado foi o da iniciativa iPIER e das ferramentas SUPPORT para Políticas Informadas por Evidências. Na primeira etapa, a qualidade das Diretrizes foi avaliada e as barreiras à implementação das recomendações foram identificadas, considerando evidências globais e análise de contribuições de uma consulta pública. Na segunda etapa, uma síntese de evidências informou um diálogo deliberativo para priorização de barreiras. Por fim, uma nova síntese de evidências informou um segundo diálogo deliberativo e apresentou seis opções para abordar as barreiras priorizadas: 1) incentivar o uso de estratégias de intervenção multifacetadas; 2) promover intervenções educativas para o uso de diretrizes em saúde; 3) realizar auditoria e feedback para adequação da prática profissional; 4) utilizar lembretes para mediar a interação entre profissionais e usuários; 5) viabilizar intervenções mediadas por pacientes e 6) incluir líderes de opinião para incentivar o uso de diretrizes em saúde. Os processos e resultados de cada etapa do projeto foram documentados e apresentados para informar a atualização das Diretrizes e o desenvolvimento de plano de implementação das recomendações. A efetiva implementação das Diretrizes é relevante para a melhoria da atenção ao parto e nascimento no Brasil.

[ABSTRACT]. The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the National Childbirth Guidelines in Brazil as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote the use of guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. An effective implementation of the Guidelines is relevant to improve the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.

[RESUMEN]. En este informe se presentan los procesos y resultados de un proyecto de traducción de conocimiento desarrollado en tres etapas para identificar los obstáculos y las estrategias para la aplicación efectiva de las Directrices Nacionales para el Parto Normal en el Brasil. El marco metodológico adoptado comprendió la iniciativa iPIER (Improving Program Implementation through Embedded Research) y las herramientas SUPPORT para políticas basadas en evidencia. En la primera etapa se evaluó la calidad de las Directrices y se identificaron los obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia mundial y el análisis de las contribuciones obtenidas mediante una consulta pública. En la segunda etapa, una síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un diálogo deliberativo para la priorización de los obstáculos. Por último, una nueva síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un segundo diálogo deliberativo y presentó seis opciones para hacer frente a los obstáculos priorizados: 1) fomentar el uso de estrategias de intervención polifacéticas; 2) promover intervenciones educativas para mejorar el uso de directrices sanitarias; 3) realizar auditorías y proporcionar retroalimentación para la adecuación de la práctica profesional; 4) utilizar recordatorios para mediar en la interacción entre profesionales y usuarios; 5) permitir intervenciones mediadas por el paciente; y 6) incluir a líderes de opinión para fomentar el uso de directrices sanitarias. Se documentaron y presentaron los procesos y resultados de cada etapa del proyecto para fundamentar la actualización de las Directrices y la elaboración de un plan de aplicación de las recomendaciones. La aplicación efectiva de las Directrices es importante para mejorar la atención del parto y el nacimiento en el Brasil.

Implementation of national childbirth guidelines in Brazil: barriers and strategies.

The present report describes the process and results obtained with a knowledge translation project developed in three stages to identify barriers to the Implementation of the National Guidelines for Normal Childbirth in Brazil, as well strategies for effective implementation. The Improving Programme Implementation through Embedded Research (iPIER) model and the Supporting Policy Relevant Reviews and Trials (SUPPORT) tools provided the methodological framework for the project. In the first stage, the quality of the Guidelines was evaluated and the barriers preventing implementation of the recommendations were identified through review of the global evidence and analysis of contributions obtained in a public consultation process. In the second stage, an evidence synthesis was used as the basis for a deliberative dialogue aimed at prioritizing the barriers identified. Finally, a second evidence synthesis was presented in a new deliberative dialogue to discuss six options to address the prioritized barriers: 1) promote the use of multifaceted interventions; 2) promote educational interventions for the adoption of guidelines; 3) perform audits and provide feedback to adjust professional practice; 4) use reminders to mediate the interaction between workers and service users; 5) enable patient-mediated interventions; and 6) engage opinion leaders to promote use of the Guidelines. The processes and results associated with each stage were documented and formulated to inform a review and update of the Guidelines and the development of an implementation plan for the recommendations. Effective implementation of the Guidelines is important for improving the care provided during labor and childbirth in Brazil.

En este informe se presentan los procesos y resultados de un proyecto de traducción de conocimiento desarrollado en tres etapas para identificar los obstáculos y las estrategias para la aplicación efectiva de las Directrices Nacionales para el Parto Normal en el Brasil. El marco metodológico adoptado comprendió la iniciativa iPIER (Improving Program Implementation through Embedded Research) y las herramientas SUPPORT para políticas basadas en evidencia. En la primera etapa se evaluó la calidad de las Directrices y se identificaron los obstáculos a la aplicación de las recomendaciones, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia mundial y el análisis de las contribuciones obtenidas mediante una consulta pública. En la segunda etapa, una síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un diálogo deliberativo para la priorización de los obstáculos. Por último, una nueva síntesis de la evidencia sirvió de base para un segundo diálogo deliberativo y presentó seis opciones para hacer frente a los obstáculos priorizados: 1) fomentar el uso de estrategias de intervención polifacéticas; 2) promover intervenciones educativas para mejorar el uso de directrices sanitarias; 3) realizar auditorías y proporcionar retroalimentación para la adecuación de la práctica profesional; 4) utilizar recordatorios para mediar en la interacción entre profesionales y usuarios; 5) permitir intervenciones mediadas por el paciente; y 6) incluir a líderes de opinión para fomentar el uso de directrices sanitarias. Se documentaron y presentaron los procesos y resultados de cada etapa del proyecto para fundamentar la actualización de las Directrices y la elaboración de un plan de aplicación de las recomendaciones. La aplicación efectiva de las Directrices es importante para mejorar la atención del parto y el nacimiento en el Brasil.

Development and validation of an instrument for monitoring child development indicators.

OBJECTIVE: To create and validate an instrument for child development monitoring. METHODS: Methodological study, based on the World Bank's proposition to monitor child development indicators in low- and middle-income countries. The stages of the study included the following: development of an inventory of items for child development evaluation, based on open access instruments; content validation by a group of experts on the topic, using consensus techniques; selection of questions to describe children and their families; pre-test of the instrument during the vaccination campaign in 2016 in three municipalities, and conducting cognitive interviews. RESULTS: A total of 431 items were sent for the evaluation of the specialists; 77 were initially excluded and the others were evaluated in-person by the group, with 162 items covering the motor, cognitive, language, and socio-emotional domains, distributed in ten age ranges. Questions about health, nutrition, early learning, protection and safety, and responsive care were also included. The instrument was applied by volunteer undergraduate students to 367 mothers of children under 5 years, showing good adherence of the caregivers. The time of application of the questionnaire was, on average, 20minutes. The cognitive interviews allowed the final adjustment of 19 items of the instrument for better understanding by the caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument created and validated by experts fills a gap, as it allows a comprehensive evaluation of the development of children under 5 years at the population level, using a fast and inexpensive tool, and can be useful for monitoring indicators of development in Brazilian children in vaccination campaigns.

Brazilian nut consumption improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces atherogenic risk in obese women

Studies have shown that there are inverse relationships between nut consumption and the reduction of cardiovascular risk. This study tested the hypothesis that daily consumption of Brazilian nuts would have a positive effect upon selenium (Se) status, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid profile, and atherogenic risk in severely obese women...

Brazilian nut consumption improves selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity and reduces atherogenic risk in obese women.

Studies have shown that there are inverse relationships between nut consumption and the reduction of cardiovascular risk. This study tested the hypothesis that daily consumption of Brazilian nuts would have a positive effect upon selenium (Se) status, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid profile, and atherogenic risk in severely obese women. Thirty-seven severely obese women each consumed 1 Brazilian nut a day (290 µg of Se a day) for 8 weeks. Blood Se concentrations, total erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity, lipid profile, and Castelli I and II indexes were evaluated before and after the nuts consumption. All the patients were Se deficient at baseline; this deficiency was remedied by the consumption of the Brazilian nut (P < .0001). The intake of Brazilian nuts promoted a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (P < .00001), which then resulted in a significant improvement of the Castelli I (P < .0002) and II (P < .0004) indexes. This study shows that obese people who implement daily consumption of Brazilian nuts can improve both Se status and lipid profile, especially high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, thereby reducing cardiovascular risks.