Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. METHODS: In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. CONCLUSIONS: This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Cardiovascular diseases worsen the maternal prognosis of COVID-19.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a risk factor for severe cases of COVID-19. There are no studies evaluating whether the presence of CVD in pregnant and postpartum women with COVID-19 is associated with a worse prognosis. In an anonymized open database of the Ministry of Health, we selected cases of pregnant and postpartum women who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection and with data regarding their CVD status. In the SIVEP GRIPE data dictionary, CVD is defined as "presence of cardiovascular disease", excluding those of neurological and nephrological causes that are pointed out in another field. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of CVD (CVD and non-CVD groups). Among the 1,876,953 reported cases, 3,562 confirmed cases of pregnant and postpartum women were included, of which 602 had CVD. Patients with CVD had an older age (p<0,001), a higher incidence of diabetes (p<0,001) and obesity (p<0,001), a higher frequency of systemic (p<0,001) and respiratory symptoms (p<0,001). CVD was a risk factor for ICU admission (p<0,001), ventilatory support (p = 0.004) and orotracheal intubation in the third trimester (OR 1.30 CI95%1.04-1.62). The group CVD had a higher mortality (18.9% vs. 13.5%, p<0,001), with a 32% higher risk of death (OR 1.32 CI95%1.16-1.50). Moreover, the risk was increased in the second (OR 1.94 CI95%1.43-2.63) and third (OR 1.29 CI95%1.04-1.60) trimesters, as well as puerperium (OR 1.27 CI95%1.03-1.56). Hospitalized obstetric patients with CVD and COVID-19 are more symptomatic. Their management demand more ICU admission and ventilatory support and the mortality is higher.

Venous thromboembolism risk score during hospitalization in pregnancy: results of 10694 prospective evaluations in a clinical trial

Abstract Objectives Hospitalization during pregnancy and childbirth increases the risk of Venous Thromboembolism Risk (VTE). This study applied a VTE risk score to all hospitalized pregnant women to ascertain its effectiveness in preventing maternal death from VTE until 3 months after discharge. Methods In this interventional study, patients were classified as low- or high-risk according to the VTE risk score (Clinics Hospital risk score). High-risk patients (score ≥ 3) were scheduled for pharmacological Thromboprophylaxis (TPX). Interaction analysis of the main risk factors was performed using Odds Ratio (OR) and Poisson regression with robust variance. Results The data of 10694 cases (7212 patients) were analyzed; 1626 (15.2%, 1000 patients) and 9068 (84.8%, 6212 patients) cases were classified as high-risk (score ≥ 3) and low-risk (score < 3), respectively. The main risk factors (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval) for VTE were age ≥ 35 and < 40 years (1.6, 1.4-1.8), parity ≥ 3 (3.5, 3.0-4.0), age ≥ 40 years (4.8, 4.1-5.6), multiple pregnancies (2.1, 1.7-2.5), BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (5.1, 4.3-6.0), severe infection (4.1, 3.3-5.1), and cancer (12.3, 8.8-17.2). There were 10 cases of VTE: 7/1636 (0.4%) and 3/9068 (0.03%) in the high- and low-risk groups, respectively. No patient died of VTE. The intervention reduced the VTE risk by 87%; the number needed to treat was 3. Conclusions This VTE risk score was effective in preventing maternal deaths from VTE, with a low indication for TPX. Maternal age, multiparity, obesity, severe infections, multiple pregnancies, and cancer were the main risk factors for VTE.

Can thrombophilia worsen maternal and perinatal outcomes in cases of severe preeclampsia?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether thrombophilia worsens maternal and foetal outcomes among patients with severe preeclampsia (PE). METHOD: From October 2009 to October 2014, an observational retrospective cohort study was performed on pregnant women with severe PE diagnosed before 34 weeks of gestation and their newborns hospitalized at the Clinics Hospital, FMUSP. Patients who had no heart disease, nephropathies, pre-gestational diabetes, gestational trophoblastic disease, foetal malformation, or twin pregnancy and who underwent thrombophilia screening during the postnatal period were included. New pregnancies of the same patient; cases of foetal morphological, genetic, or chromosomal abnormalities after birth; and women who used heparin or acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy were excluded. Factor V Leiden, G20210A prothrombin mutation, antithrombin, protein C, protein S, homocysteine, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin IgG and IgM antibodies were analysed. The groups with and without thrombophilia were compared regarding their maternal clinical and laboratory parameters and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 127 patients selected, 30 (23.6%) had thrombophilia (hereditary or acquired). We found more white patients in thrombophilia group (p = .036). Analysis of maternal parameters showed a tendency of thrombophilic women to have more thrombocytopenia (p = .056) and showed worsening of composite laboratory abnormalities (aspartate aminotransferase ≥ 70 mg/dL, alanine aminotransferase ≥ 70 mg/dL, platelets < 100,000/mm3, serum creatinine ≥ 1.1 mg/dL; p = .017). There were no differences in foetal perinatal outcomes. CONCLUSION: The presence of thrombophilia leads to worsening of maternal laboratory parameters among patients with severe forms of PE but without worsening perinatal outcomes.

Use of a minimally invasive uncalibrated cardiac output monitor in patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: report of four cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hemodynamic changes are observed during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Non-invasive blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements are performed to diagnose these changes, but they are delayed and inaccurate. Other monitors such as filling pressure and cardiac output (CO) catheters with external calibration are very invasive or inaccurate. The objective of the present study was to report the cardiac output measurements obtained with a minimally invasive uncalibrated monitor (LiDCO rapid) in patients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. CASE REPORT: After approval by the Ethics Commission, four patients agreed to participate in this study. They underwent cesarean section under spinal anesthesia while at the same time being connected to the LiDCO rapid by a radial artery line. Cardiac output, HR, and BP were recorded at baseline, after spinal anesthesia, after fetal and placental extraction, and after the infusion of oxytocin and metaraminol. We observed a fall in BP with an increase of HR and CO after spinal anesthesia and oxytocin infusion; and an increase in BP with a fall in HR and CO after bolus of the vasopressor. CONCLUSIONS: Although this monitor had not been calibrated, it showed a tendency for consistent hemodynamic data in obstetric patients and it may be used as a therapeutic guide or experimental tool.

Gestação em pacientes com síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay: relatos de dois casos / Pregnancy in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: two case reports

Contexto: A síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay é uma condição congênita rara caracterizada por uma tríade de anormalidades:malformações capilares, venosas e hipertrofia óssea e de tecidos moles. A gestação em pacientes portadoras dessa síndrome é historicamente desencorajada devido ao possível alto risco obstétrico pela exacerbação da síndrome, havendo apenas 21 casos descritos.Relato de caso: O presente relato apresenta a evolução obstétrica de duas gestantes portadoras de síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay acompanhadas em São Paulo, Brasil, descrevendo as intercorrências obstétricas, o manejo dessas pacientes e sua evolução. As complicações obstétricas observadas foram: piora da assimetria corporal, sangramento dos hemangiomas cutâneos, fenômenos tromboembólicos, edema importante de membros inferiores. Não foramobservadas complicações fetais. Discussão: As complicações maternas são frequentes e podem estar associadas ao tempo de evolução da síndrome de Klippel -Trenaunay e, principalmente, à gravidade da doença. Embora possa haverexacerbação das manifestações prévias da síndrome, com hemorragia, coagulação intravascular disseminada, eventostromboembólicos e dor, em geral, observam-se complicações menores, cujo manejo conservador permite boa evolução obstétrica, exceção feita a um caso de malformação congênita.Conclusão: Não há evidências com base na literatura preexistente para desencorajar a gestação nessas pacientes. O entendimento da síndrome e cuidado multidisciplinar pré-natal, intra e pós-parto mostram-se fundamentais para o bom desfecho da gestação.

Gestação em pacientes com síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay: revisão da literatura / Pregnancy in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: review of literature

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly of unknown etiology, characterized by capillary and venous malformations, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue. Cases of pregnancy in women with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome are rare and usually associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Objective: To resume knowledge about pregnancy in the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome as well as the syndrome so these patients be readily recognized and receive proper care to have a successful pregnancy outcome. Method: It was performed a review of the English literature, in the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library bases until October2009. Results: Only 17 case reports of pregnancy in women with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome have been found. The evolutions of pregnant were variable and involve adverse events, with worsening of previous manifestations, bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation, thromboembolic events and pain. Conclusion: Pregnancy increases the risk of adverse events. Knowledge of the syndrome and multidisciplinary prenatal, intra and postpartum care areessential to successful outcome of pregnancy...

A síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay é uma anomalia congênita de etiologiadesconhecida, caracterizada pela presença de malformações venosas e arteriais, hipertrofia de ossos e tecidos moles. São raros os relatos de gravidez em pacientes portadoras dessasíndrome, sendo associada com alto risco obstétrico. Objetivo: Resumir os conhecimentos acumulados sobre gestação em pacientes com síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay, bem como sobre a própria síndrome, para permitir que essas pacientes sejam prontamente reconhecidas e recebam os cuidados necessários para um bom desfecho obstétrico. Método: Foi realizadapesquisa na literatura em língua inglesa, até outubro de 2009, na base de dados Medline e Cochrane Library. Resultados: Foram encontrados 17 casos relatados na literatura de gestaçõesem pacientes com síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay. A evolução obstétrica das gestantes é variável e envolve eventos adversos, com piora das manifestações prévias, hemorragia, coagulação intravascular disseminada, eventos tromboembólicos e dor. Conclusão: A gestação agrava o risco de eventos adversos. O entendimento da síndrome e cuidado multidisciplinar pré-natal, intra e pós-parto são fundamentais para o bom desfecho da gestação...

Resultados maternos e perinatais em pacientes com disfunção sistólica grave / Maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with severe systolic dysfunction

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os resultados maternos e perinatais em gestantes com disfunção sistólica grave de ventrículo esquerdo acompanhadas em hospital terciário durante a gestação, parto e puerpério imediato. MÉTODOS: Doze pacientes com disfunção ventricular grave, definida por fração de ejeção <40 por cento em ecocardiograma realizado durante a gestação, foram avaliadas retrospectivamente. Os dados incluíram ocorrência de complicações clínicas e obstétricas, características do parto e resultados neonatais. As complicações clínicas consideradas foram aparecimento ou piora da dispnéia, arritmia, acidente vascular cerebral, tromboembolismo pulmonar, edema agudo de pulmão, parada cardíaca e morte. RESULTADOS: A média da fração de ejeção das pacientes foi 28,9+-6,47 por cento (mediana: 30 por cento). Quatro pacientes iniciaram o pré-natal em classe funcional III e oito com classe I ou II. Dez pacientes apresentaram piora da dispnéia durante a gravidez. A complicação clínica mais comum foi edema agudo de pulmão (Três pacientes). Três das quatro pacientes que iniciaram o pré-natal em classe funcional III apresentaram boa evolução da gravidez; a outra apresentou parto prematuro devido à piora dos sintomas. Houve dois partos vaginais e 10 cesáreas. Dez dos 13 recém-nascidos foram pequenos para idade gestacional. Uma paciente, que já tinha indicação de transplante cardíaco antes da gestação, apresentou descompensação clínica durante a gravidez e evoluiu para edema agudo de pulmão e choque cardiogênico, realizando o transplante dois meses após o parto. Não houve morte materna ou neonatal. CONCLUSÕES: Embora o número de gestações avaliadas tenha sido pequeno, deve-se rever a indicação de abortamento terapêutico em gestantes com disfunção ventricular esquerda grave, uma vez que todas as gestações evoluíram até a viabilidade. Os recém-nascidos destas mães apresentaram grande incidência de restrição do crescimento intra-uterino...

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate maternal and fetal outcome in patients with severe left ventricle systolic dysfunction followed in a terciary-care hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 12 pregnant women with severe systolic dysfunction, defined as a ejection fraction <40 percent. Follow-up data included functional class evaluation, ocurrency of cardiac and obstetric events, labor data and neonatal outcome. Cardiac events were defined as new onset of arrhythmias, stroke, pulmonary thrombosis, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and death. RESULTS: The mean ejection fraction was 28,9±6,47 percent. Four patients were in the NYHA class III, and 8 in class I or II on presentation. Ten patients had deteriorated during pregnancy. The most common cardiac event was pulmonary edema (3 patients). Three of the four patients with class III on presentation had a good evolution during pregnancy, and the other one had preterm delivery due to worsening symptons. There were 2 vaginal espontaneous deliveries and 10 cesarean sections. Small-for-gestational-age birthweigth ocurred in 10 pregnancies. There was no maternal or neonatal death. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in patients with severe left ventricle systolic dysfunction increases the risk of maternal complications and compromises fetal growth. It is important to follow this women in a tertiary-care hospital.

Sepse e choque séptico na gestação: manejo clínico / Sepsis and septic shock during pregnancy: clinical management

A sepse é uma das principais causas de morte materna, estando relacionada a infecções de origem obstétrica (aborto infectado, corioamnionite, infecção puerperal) ou não-obstétricas (resultando de infecções que acometem outros sítios). Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever os mecanismos envolvidos na fisiopatologia desta entidade e atualização da abordagem clínica da sepse recomendada em diretrizes internacionais ("early goal-directed therapy" - ressuscitação precoce, ou tratamento precoce guiado por metas), bem como chamar a atenção para a influência do estado gravídico tanto no quadro clínico, quanto no manejo terapêutico dos quadros sépticos.

Sepsis is one of the main causes of maternal death, being related to infections from obstetric origin (infected abortion, chorioamnionitis, puerperal infection) or non-obstetric (resulting from infections which occur in other areas). This review aims at describing the mechanisms involved in the physiopathology of this entity and at updating the clinical approach to sepsis, recommended in international guidelines (early goal-directed therapy - precocious resuscitation, or precocious treatment guided by goals), as well as at calling attention to the influence of pregnancy both in the clinical manifestation and in the therapeutic management of septic conditions.

[Maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with severe systolic dysfunction]. / Resultados maternos e perinatais em pacientes com disfunção sistólica grave.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate maternal and fetal outcome in patients with severe left ventricle systolic dysfunction followed in a tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 12 pregnant women with severe systolic dysfunction, defined as a ejection fraction<40%. Follow-up data included functional class evaluation, occurrence of cardiac and obstetric events, labor data and neonatal outcome. Cardiac events were defined as new onset of arrhythmias, stroke, pulmonary thrombosis, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest, and death. RESULTS: The mean ejection fraction was 28.9+/-6.47%. Four patients were in the NYHA class III, and 8 in class I or II on presentation. Ten patients had deteriorated during pregnancy. The most common cardiac event was pulmonary edema (3 patients). Three of the four patients with class III on presentation had a good evolution during pregnancy, and the other one had preterm delivery due to worsening symptoms. There were 2 vaginal spontaneous deliveries and 10 cesarean sections. Small-for-gestational-age birthweight occurred in 10 pregnancies. There was no maternal or neonatal death. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in patients with severe left ventricle systolic dysfunction increases the risk of maternal complications and compromises fetal growth. It is important to follow this women in a tertiary-care hospital.

Estudo dos fatores relacionados à determinação da via de parto em gestantes portadoras de cardiopatias / Obstetrical and clinical factors related to the mode of delivery in pregnant women with heart disease

Foram estudados 571 partos de mulheres cardiopatas (T) e seus subgrupos: arritmias (A), congênitas (CC) e adquiridas (CA), para avaliar o tipo de parto, os fatores clínicos e obstétricos relacionados à determinação da via de parto e suas complicações. Foi verificado que as taxas de cesárea foram elevadas (T=57,2 por cento, A=45,6 por cento, CC=64,2 por cento, CA=55,7 por cento), e estiveram relacionadas à presença de: cesárea anterior (T), intercorrências obstétricas (T, CC e CA), idade gestacional no parto menor que 37 semanas (T, CA), insuficiência cardíaca (T, CC), medicamentos cardiovasculares (T, A) e cardiopatia congênita (T). Complicações obstétricas foram mais freqüentes em partos vaginais e as clínicas em cesáreas / The mode of delivery was studied in 571 pregnancies in cardiac women (T) in order to establish the clinical and obstetrical factors related to the kind of delivery and their complications. The results showed that cesarean rates were high (total=57,2 per cent, arrhythmias A=45,6 per cent, congenital diseases CD=64,2 per cent, and acquired diseases AD=55,7% per cent and were related to: previous cesarean sections (T), obstetrical events (T, CD, AD), prematurity (T, AD), heart failure (T, AD), cardiovascular drugs (T, A) and congenital heart disease (T). Obstetrical complications were more frequent in vaginal birth and clinical complications in cesarean section...