ABSTRACT
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the number of cancer-related deaths is expected to increase. Common types of cancer include skin, breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. While clinical research has improved cancer therapies, these treatments often come with significant side effects such as chronic fatigue, hair loss, and nausea. In addition, cancer treatments can cause long-term cardiovascular complications. Doxorubicin (DOX) therapy is one example, which can lead to decreased left ventricle (LV) echocardiography (ECHO) parameters, increased oxidative stress in cellular level, and even cardiac fibrosis. The apelinergic system, specifically apelin and its receptor, together, has shown properties that could potentially protect the heart and mitigate the damages caused by DOX anti-cancer treatment. Studies have suggested that stimulating the apelinergic system may have therapeutic benefits for heart damage induced by DOX. Further research in chronic preclinical models is needed to confirm this hypothesis and understand the mechanism of action for the apelinergic system. This review aims to collect and present data on the effects of the apelinergic system on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
ABSTRACT
Neurodegenerative diseases, which occur when neurons begin to deteriorate, affect millions of people worldwide. These age-related disorders are becoming more common partly because the elderly population has increased in recent years. While no treatments are accessible, every year an increasing number of therapeutic and supportive options become available. Various substances that may have neuroprotective effects are currently being researched. One of them is apelin. This review aims to illustrate the results of research on the neuroprotective effect of apelin amino acid oligopeptide which binds to the apelin receptor and exhibits neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. The collected data indicate that apelin can protect the central nervous system against injury by several mechanisms. More studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of this peptide in neurodegenerative diseases and various other types of brain damage.
