Danazol's use for menstrual suppression in transgender individuals: A retrospective multi-site cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Danazol is a synthetic progestin with androgenic effects that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of endometriosis, benign fibrocystic breast disease, and hereditary angioedema. In recent years, increasing numbers of transgender and nonbinary individuals seeking menstrual suppression have been offered danazol due to its potential to both induce amenorrhea and cause reversible androgenic side effects including pigmentation of vellus hairs and voice changes, which may be desirable in this population. There are currently no studies assessing use of danazol within the transgender population for menstrual suppression. OBJECTIVE: This study's primary aim was to evaluate the use of danazol as a menstrual suppression agent in transgender patients. DESIGN: This was a retrospective multisite cohort study of all individuals who had been on danazol at two tertiary care centers between 2000 and 2022. METHODS: All patients prescribed danazol were identified using a search of the electronic medical records. For demographic purposes, comparisons were made between those who did and did not use danazol for the purpose of menstrual suppression. A detailed chart review was then performed to analyze the experiences of menstrual suppression in transgender and nonbinary patients. RESULTS: Most transgender and nonbinary patients on danazol for menstrual suppression remained on it at their most recent follow-up visit, and many charts noted improvements in gender dysphoria, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Most transgender patients achieved amenorrhea. CONCLUSION: Danazol may be a reasonable option for menstrual suppression in transgender and nonbinary patients. Our findings show its potential to not only induce amenorrhea but cause desired androgenic symptoms and improve gender dysphoria, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and heavy bleeding. While the androgenic effects of danazol are less desirable in cisgender populations, it is an attractive option for menstrual suppression in transgender and nonbinary patients.

Using danazol to stop periods in transgender individualsDanazol has previously been used to help treat pain and bleeding related to endometriosis. However, danazol can have certain androgenic side effects (acne, deepening of the voice) that cisgender women (individuals who were assigned female at birth and identify with the female gender) often find undesirable, but that could be desirable in transgender patients seeking to affirm their gender by stopping periods. Our study looked at danazol use for period suppression, as well as for other reasons. We found that most transgender patients using danazol for period suppression found it to be successful and remained on it at follow-up appointments, and that many transgender patients saw improved gender dysphoria, pelvic pain, pain during periods, endometriosis, and heavy period bleeding. These findings suggest that danazol may be a good option for menstrual suppression in transgender individuals as any experienced androgenic effects may help with gender dysphoria, whether individuals are not yet ready to start testosterone or do not desire testosterone therapy at all.

Adult endocrinologists' perspectives on transitioning adolescent patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate adult endocrinologists' perspectives on caring for patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and views on their transition from pediatric to adult care. METHODS: An online survey was conducted among adult clinical endocrinologists at Harvard Medical School-affiliated hospitals from March to October 2022. RESULTS: Most participants (25/34, 73.5 %) treat patients with CAH and expressed moderate to high confidence (23/32, 71.9 %) in their care. Those that did not treat or accept referrals cited insufficient expertise, knowledge, and resources as reasons. Only half of respondents correctly answered at least 50 % of standard of care questions. The main transition of care barrier identified was the absence of standardized policies (12/34, 35.3 %). CONCLUSIONS: Participants, though involved in care of patients with CAH, had varied responses to standard of care questions and transition of care barriers, emphasizing the need for standardized transition protocols and additional training to ensure up-to-date clinical knowledge.

Prevalence of Gender-Affirming Surgical Procedures Among Minors and Adults in the US.

This cross-sectional study uses a national dataset to examine the prevalence of gender-affirming surgical procedures among minors and adults in the US.

Understanding Family Support for Transgender Youth: Impact of Support on Psychosocial Functioning.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the association between positive and negative family support and psychosocial outcomes among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using psychological data collected from 175 TGD youth (aged 13-18 years) at time of hormone readiness assessment within a multispecialty gender clinic between May 2021 and February 2023. As part of this assessment process, TGD youth provided responses to a variety of measures, including the Youth Self-Report and the Family Environment Scale. RESULTS: Negative family support scales were more strongly associated with more outcomes than positive support scales. The exclusion and abuse, viewing gender expression as morally wrong, and trying to change gender scales were each associated with significantly higher Youth Self-Report T-scores for internalizing problems (ßs = 6.86, 6.26, 5.56, all p < .01), externalizing problems (ßs = 4.58, 4.42, 4.19, all p < .02), and total problems (ßs = 6.70, 6.45, 5.34, all p < .02). The explicit care and support scale was associated with significantly lower T-scores for externalizing problems (ß = -3.54 p = .02) and total problems (ß = -3.35, p = .04). Overall support was also associated with higher T-scores in internalizing problems (b = -2.90, p = .02), externalizing problems (ß = -2.40, p = .03), and total problems (ß = -2.79, p = .03). DISCUSSION: Family support plays a critical role in the psychosocial wellbeing of TGD youth. TGD youth reporting positive family support reported fewer mental health concerns, less experiences of nonaffirmation, and lower levels of internalized transphobia. TGD youth reporting negative family support were found to have an increased risk of suicidal ideation.

Management of breakthrough bleeding in transgender and gender diverse individuals on testosterone.

BACKGROUND: While many transgender and gender diverse individuals rapidly achieve amenorrhea on testosterone, emerging data have identified that breakthrough bleeding can occur in up to one-third of individuals with long-term use. Breakthrough bleeding can worsen dysphoria and patients may seek management to reattain amenorrhea. Because of this, there is a need to assess efficacy of management approaches. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the study was to evaluate methods used by patients and their providers to manage breakthrough bleeding which arises after 1 year of testosterone use. Secondary aims included describing the diagnostic approaches to breakthrough bleeding, and proposing an algorithm for classification and management of breakthrough bleeding in this patient population. STUDY DESIGN: This was an institutional review board-approved single tertiary center, retrospective chart review of transgender and gender diverse individuals on testosterone gender affirming hormone therapy who experienced breakthrough bleeding after 1 year of use. Charts were reviewed to determine patient characteristics, testosterone use, and breakthrough bleeding management approaches. RESULTS: Of the 96 individuals who had been on testosterone for 1 year and experienced breakthrough bleeding, 97% (n=93) engaged in at least 1 approach to management. The mean age at initiation of testosterone was 21.9 (standard deviation 5.4) and the median duration of time on testosterone was 54.5 months (interquartile range 33.5, 82). Only 16% (n=15) were using menstrual suppression at the time of their breakthrough bleeding episode. Breakthrough bleeding was successfully managed in 77 (79%), following between 1 and 4 attempted approaches. More than half of management attempts (63%) were successful on the first try. When management approaches were analyzed independently, the range of success associated with any particular approach was between 33% and 100%. Other than hysterectomy, which was fully successful at managing breakthrough bleeding, no approach was significantly better than no intervention. This was true both for individuals who did and did not bleed with missed testosterone doses. Regardless of what approach was used, after a failed attempt, the next attempt was successful in more than half of individuals. Of the 16 who underwent hysterectomy, 1 did so in part as a first line approach to manage breakthrough bleeding. CONCLUSION: In this study, use of medical management methods was not found to be superior to observation alone in the management of breakthrough bleeding. In the absence of data supporting superiority of any method, we recommend tailoring method attempts to patients' goals.

A Multidisciplinary Approach Improves Sexual Health Care for Youth with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

We sought to determine the prevalence of sexual health counseling in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a single-institution setting. Keywords related to sexual health and development concerns were documented at least once for 75% of patients across the duration of their care. Integration of sexual health discussions was facilitated by comprehensive multidisciplinary support, particularly with the inclusion of specialists in endocrinology and adolescent medicine.

Establishing a Pediatric Health Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Research Review Process.

Equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) research is increasing, and there is a need for a more standardized approach for methodological and ethical review of this research. A supplemental review process for EDI-related human subject research protocols was developed and implemented at a pediatric academic medical center (AMC). The goal was to ensure that current EDI research principles are consistently used and that the research aligns with the AMC's declaration on EDI. The EDI Research Review Committee, established in January 2022, reviewed EDI protocols and provided recommendations and requirements for addressing EDI-related components of research studies. To evaluate this review process, the number and type of research protocols were reviewed, and the types of recommendations given to research teams were examined. In total, 78 research protocols were referred for EDI review during the 20-month implementation period from departments and divisions across the AMC. Of these, 67 were given requirements or recommendations to improve the EDI-related aspects of the project, and 11 had already considered a health equity framework and implemented EDI principles. Requirements or recommendations made applied to 1 or more stages of the research process, including design, execution, analysis, and dissemination. An EDI review of human subject research protocols can provide an opportunity to constructively examine and provide feedback on EDI research to ensure that a standardized approach is used based on current literature and practice.

Use of the Drospirenone-Only Contraceptive Pill in Adolescents with Endometriosis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a progestin-only pill containing 4 mg drospirenone (DRSP) as a hormonal therapy for the management of endometriosis-associated symptoms in adolescents and young adults. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of all adolescents who were prescribed DRSP continuously (without placebo) for treatment of endometriosis at a single pediatric tertiary care center between 2019 and 2022. Electronic medical records were reviewed to obtain demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients. Measured outcomes included symptom resolution and medication discontinuation. The study was deemed IRB exempt. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients with endometriosis were prescribed DRSP during the study period, with a median age of 18.9 years (SD 2.3). The majority (97%) were laparoscopically confirmed to have endometriosis, and 85% had stage I disease. Before DRSP use, the most common medications trialed were norethindrone (57%) and norethindrone acetate (68%), and 56% had at least one medical contraindication to receiving estrogen-containing therapy. Of those with follow-up, 52% established an absence of bleeding/spotting, and 67% reported less pain at follow-up. One in 4 patients discontinued DRSP during the study period, most commonly due to breakthrough bleeding. CONCLUSION: DRSP is a well-tolerated and effective option for the treatment of endometriosis-associated symptoms in adolescents and young adults.

Incidence of breakthrough bleeding in transgender and gender-diverse individuals on long-term testosterone.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the maintenance of amenorrhea among transgender and gender-diverse individuals with uteri who are using long-term testosterone gender-affirming hormone therapy. Emerging data describe breakthrough bleeding among adolescents on long-term testosterone therapy and among adults who are seeking a gender-affirming hysterectomy. More studies are needed to better understand breakthrough bleeding patterns among transgender and gender-diverse individuals with uteri who are using testosterone, including the frequency, timing, and etiology of bleeding and how these patterns may differ between adults and younger populations. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to characterize the incidence and patterns of breakthrough bleeding in a cohort of transgender and gender-diverse individuals who had been on testosterone for longer than 12 months and who had uteri in situ. Secondary aims included identifying the time to first bleed for those who experienced breakthrough bleeding and the risk factors associated with breakthrough bleeding while on testosterone therapy. STUDY DESIGN: This was an institutional review board-approved, single tertiary center, retrospective chart review of transgender and gender diverse individuals who had been on testosterone for at least 1 year. A primary survival analysis that evaluated the incidence of bleeding was combined with descriptive analyses and an evaluation of the factors associated with bleeding. RESULTS: Of the 279 patients included in the analysis, the median age of testosterone initiation was 22 years (interquartile range, 19-41), and the median follow-up time was 34 months (range, 12-278). The absolute proportion of individuals who ever experienced breakthrough bleeding on testosterone was 34% (n=96; 95% confidence interval, 29-40). Patients who experienced breakthrough bleeding initiated testosterone at a younger age (20.5 vs 22.0 years; P=.04), had lower mean serum testosterone levels (389.14 vs 512.7 ng/dL; P=.001), were more likely to have a mean testosterone level <320 ng/dL (52% vs 48%; P=.001), and had higher mean estradiol levels (62% vs 49%; P=.003). Survival analyses estimated a breakthrough bleeding incidence rate of 0.09 per year (95% confidence interval, 0.07-1.0). Although 58 people underwent a hysterectomy during the follow-up period, 64% of the cohort who maintained a uterus eventually experienced breakthrough bleeding. The median time to the initial bleeding episode was 22 months (interquartile range, 12-201) after testosterone initiation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a substantial fraction of transgender and gender-diverse individuals who are using testosterone will experience at least 1 episode of breakthrough bleeding even after their initial year of testosterone use. We recommend that clinicians inform all patients that breakthrough bleeding is a common occurrence even after the first year on testosterone therapy.

Preventive Practices and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome Individuals.

ABSTRACT: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome is a congenital disorder typified by an underdeveloped female reproductive tract. An exploratory online survey of adults with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome found that many did not recall receiving the human papillomavirus vaccine, and answers to knowledge questions suggested inadequate human papillomavirus counseling. However, recalled vaccine counseling was associated with improved uptake.

Understanding Their Experiences: Psychosocial Functioning of Nonbinary and Binary Youth at the Time of Hormone Readiness Assessment.

Purpose: The unique psychosocial experiences of nonbinary individuals across the lifespan are understudied compared with those of binary transgender individuals. This study examined the psychosocial stressors faced by nonbinary youth compared with their binary transgender counterparts at the time of gender-affirming hormone (GAH) readiness assessment. Methods: This study compared the psychosocial functioning of nonbinary youth with their binary transgender peers, ages 14-18, utilizing the Youth Self Report (YSR) at the time of GAH readiness assessment. Clinically relevant subscale scores of the YSR were analyzed. Results: Data from 479 binary and 55 nonbinary individuals were analyzed for this study. Analysis found that nonbinary youth reported substantially more psychosocial distress in the form of total problems (ß = 2.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.15-5.56]), internalizing problems (ß = 4.57, 95% CI [1.55-7.59]), depression (ß = 4.52, 95% CI [1.70-7.33]), and self-harm (odds ratio 2.65, 95% CI [1.26-5.56]) than their binary transgender peers. Conclusion: Nonbinary youth experienced higher psychosocial distress compared with their binary transgender counterparts. Future research is needed to better understand the possible health disparities experienced by nonbinary people across their lifespan so that their psychosocial needs can be better met.

Association of Pubertal Blockade at Tanner 2/3 With Psychosocial Benefits in Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth at Hormone Readiness Assessment.

PURPOSE: Compare psychosocial function at the time of hormone readiness assessment for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth who received pubertal blockade to prevent a nonaffirming puberty with those who did not. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of psychological assessment data from hormone readiness evaluations conducted at a multispecialty gender clinic. Participants include all TGD youth between the ages of 13 and 17 assessed for hormone readiness between 2017 and 2021. RESULTS: Our cohort consisted of 438 TGD youth, 40 who were prescribed pubertal blockade at Tanner stage 2 or 3, and 398 who had not. The blocker population was younger, more likely to be assigned male and affirming a female identity, and had a different racial/ethnic identity distribution. Having puberty blocked was associated with significantly lower T-scores on the Youth Self Report for internalizing problems (ß = -7.4, p < .001), anxiety problems (ß = -4.6, p = .003), depressive problems (ß = -6.5, p < .001), stress problems (ß = -4.0, p = .01), and total problems (ß = -4.9, p = .003). The blocker population was also significantly less likely to report any suicidal thoughts (odds ratio = 0.38, p = .05). With the exception of increased risk of suicidal thoughts, these associations remained significant when adjusted for gender. DISCUSSION: At the time of hormone readiness evaluation, TGD youth who received pubertal blockade at Tanner 2 or 3 were found to have less anxiety, depression, stress, total problems, internalizing difficulties, and suicidal ideation than TGD peers who had been through more of a nonaffirming puberty.

Prevalence of pelvic pain in transgender individuals on testosterone.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic pain has been reported in transmasculine individuals taking testosterone. There is a need for further investigation to increase understanding of the prevalence and risk factors of this pain. AIM: We sought to determine the prevalence of pelvic pain reported by transmasculine individuals who had both a uterus and ovaries and were taking testosterone. METHODS: We conducted an institutional review board-approved retrospective study of all transmasculine individuals who had been taking testosterone for at least 1 year and had a uterus and ovaries at the time of testosterone initiation. Charts of participating patients were reviewed to determine patient characteristics, testosterone use, and pelvic pain symptoms both before and after initiation of testosterone. OUTCOMES: Patients reported experiences of pelvic pain while on testosterone. RESULTS: Of 280 individuals who had been on testosterone for at least 1 year, 100 (36%) experienced pelvic pain while on testosterone. Of those patients, 71% (n = 71) had not experienced pelvic pain prior to starting testosterone. There were 42 patients (15%) who had pelvic pain prior to starting testosterone, 13 (31%) of whom no longer experienced pain once starting testosterone. The median (IQR) age at initiation of testosterone was 22 (19-41) years and duration of testosterone treatment was 48 (27-251) months.Those patients who experienced pelvic pain while on testosterone were significantly more likely to have also reported pelvic pain prior to starting testosterone (29% vs 7%, P < .001). These patients were also more likely to have a pre-existing diagnosis of dysmenorrhea (27% vs 7%, P < .001), endometriosis (6% vs 2%, P = .049), or ovarian cysts and/or masses (12% vs 2% P < .001). Patients with pelvic pain were also more likely to have been on a menstrual suppression agent prior to and overlapping testosterone initiation (22% vs 12%, P = .03) and to have used menstrual suppression for longer durations (median [IQR] 18 [6-44] vs 8 [4-15] months, P = .04). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Pelvic pain is common in transmasculine individuals who are initiating testosterone treatment, although testosterone has both positive and negative effects on pelvic pain in different individuals. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: The major strengths of this study included large numbers of patients, ability to assess for documentation of pelvic pain prior to testosterone, and ability to determine an actual prevalence of pelvic pain. Major limitations included the study being a retrospective analysis in a single tertiary care center, the limitations of clinical documentation, and the lack of a standard pelvic pain evaluation process. CONCLUSION: More than one-third of transmasculine patients with a uterus and ovaries had pelvic pain while on testosterone, with the majority reporting onset of pain after initiating testosterone.

Exploring the Impact of Legislation Aiming to Ban Gender-Affirming Care on Pediatric Endocrine Providers: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

Context: Access to gender-affirming medical care is associated with better mental health outcomes in transgender and gender diverse youth. In 2021 and 2022, legislation aiming to ban gender-affirming medical care for youth was proposed in 24 states. Objective: This study aimed to (1) assess the impact of this legislation on pediatric providers based on legislative status of their state of practice and (2) identify the themes of concerns reported by them. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted via an anonymous survey distributed to pediatric endocrinology providers. Survey responses were stratified based on US state of practice, with attention to whether legislation aiming to ban gender-affirming care had been considered. Data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Of 223 respondents, 125 (56.0%) were currently providing gender-affirming medical care. A total of 103 (45.7%) respondents practiced in a state where legislation aiming to ban gender-affirming care had been proposed and/or passed between January 2021 to June 2022. Practicing in legislation-affected states was associated with negative experiences for providers including (1) institutional pressure that would limit the ability to provide care, (2) threats to personal safety, (3) concerns about legal action being taken against them, (4) concerns about their career, and (5) institutional concerns about engagement with media. Major qualitative themes emerging for providers in legislation-affected states included safety concerns and the impact of laws on medical practice. Conclusion: This study suggests that legislation aiming to ban health care for transgender youth may decrease access to qualified providers in affected states.

Gender Affirmation-Related Information-Seeking Behaviors in a Diverse Sample of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults: Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Of the 1.6 million transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people in the United States, approximately 700,000 are youth aged 13-24 years. Many factors make it difficult for TGD young people to identify resources for support and information related to gender identity and medical transition. These range from lack of knowledge to concerns about personal safety in the setting of increased antitransgender violence and legislative limitations on transgender rights. Web-based resources may be able to address some of the barriers to finding information and support, but youth may have difficulty finding relevant content or have concerns about the quality and content of information they find on the internet. OBJECTIVE: We aim to understand ways TGD young adults look for web-based information about gender and health. METHODS: In August 2022, 102 young adults completed a 1-time survey including closed- and open-ended responses. Individuals were recruited through the Prolific platform. Eligibility was restricted to people between the ages of 18-25 years who identified as transgender and were residents of the United States. The initial goal was to recruit 50 White individuals and 50 individuals who identified as Black, indigenous, or people of color. In total, 102 people were eventually enrolled. RESULTS: Young adults reported looking on the internet for information about a broad range of topics related to both medical- and social-gender affirmation. Most participants preferred to obtain information via personal stories. Participants expressed a strong preference for obtaining information from other trans people. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for accessible, expert-informed information for TGD youth, particularly more information generated for the transgender community by members of the community.

Patient and parent perspectives on the utility of telemedicine for initial surgical gender care consultations: A cross-sectional survey.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has expanded the use of telemedicine to patient populations that were previously constrained to in-person visits. Few studies have investigated the role that telemedicine plays in shaping the care of these patient populations. This project explores the impact of telemedicine for one such population: patients and parents of gender-diverse individuals seeking gender-affirming surgery. Methods: A 10-question survey using previously validated questions was completed by 34 patients and 9 parents of patients (aged 15-31) who received virtual care at the Center for Gender Surgery at Boston Children's Hospital between March 2020 and April 2021. The survey was divided into two parts. The first section collected demographic information. The second assessed participant perspectives on remote surgical gender care through a series of Likert-type and open-ended questions. Results: A total of 100% of the respondents felt that their telemedicine visit was convenient; 60% (18) of the patients and 87% (7) of the parents stated that they look forward to future use of this modality. Free responses highlighted common perspectives on remote surgical gender care, including the increased accessibility of gender-affirming care through telehealth, the limitations of telehealth for addressing physical and relational aspects of gender care, patients' desire for autonomy and privacy during telehealth visits, and parents' desire to be involved throughout their children's gender journey. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the unique ability of telemedicine, if implemented thoughtfully, to enhance outcomes for patients seeking surgical gender affirmation.

How Should Clinicians Navigate Decision Making About Genital Reconstructive Surgeries Among Intersex and Transgender Populations?

Genital reconstructive surgeries (GRS) are available for a variety of indications and populations, including transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals and those with intersex traits/differences in sex development (I/dsd). Despite the common outcomes of GRS for TGD and I/dsd individuals, decision making about this surgical care differs between these populations and across the lifespan. Sociocultural perspectives on sexuality and gender dominate the ethics of GRS, and reform is needed within clinical ethics to center the autonomy of TGD and I/dsd individuals in informed consent processes. Such changes are necessary to ensure justice in health care for all sex and gender diverse individuals across the lifespan.

Prospective Evaluation of Psychosocial Changes After Chest Reconstruction in Transmasculine and Non-Binary Youth.

PURPOSE: This study sought to prospectively examine the effects of gender-affirming chest reconstruction on gender congruence and chest dysphoria in transmasculine and nonbinary adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Individuals between the ages of 15-35 who were seeking gender-affirming chest surgery were enrolled as part of a broader, longitudinal study of transgender surgical experiences. Their chest dysphoria and gender congruence were measured at baseline, six months, and one year, using the Transgender Congruence and Chest Dysphoria scales. Repeated measures analysis of variance were used to detect differences in scores across assessment points. Where there were significant differences indicated, Tukey's honestly significant difference test was used to determine which differences in mean scores were significant between assessment points, as well as how results differed by demographic factors. RESULTS: The analytical sample consisted of 153 individuals who had completed both the baseline and at least one follow-up assessment - 36 (24%) endorsing a nonbinary gender and 59 (38%) under the age of 18. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences in gender congruence, appearance congruence, and chest dysphoria between at least two assessment points for the total sample and each subgroup (binary/non-binary and adult/minor). Honestly significant difference tests indicated no significant differences between the postoperative assessments by age or binary gender. DISCUSSON: Gender-affirming chest reconstruction improves gender and appearance congruence and reduces chest dysphoria in both non-binary and binary populations of adolescents and young adults. These data support the need to improve access to gender-affirming chest reconstruction for adolescents and young adults and to remove legislative and other barriers to care.

Comparing scrotoplasty complication rates in transgender and cisgender men: An ACS NSQIP study.

While masculinizing gender-affirming genital surgeries may include scrotoplasty, there has been limited research on the safety and outcomes of scrotoplasty among transgender men. We compared scrotoplasty complication rates between cisgender and transgender patients using data from the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Data was queried between 2013 and 2019 for all patients with procedure codes for scrotoplasty. Transgender patients were identified through a gender dysphoria diagnosis code. T-tests and Fisher's exact test were used to identify any differences in demographics, operative characteristics, and outcomes. The primary outcomes of interest were demographic factors, operative details, and surgical outcomes. A total of 234 patients were identified between 2013 and 2019. Fifty were transgender and 184 were cisgender. Age and BMI were significantly different between the two cohorts, such that the cisgender cohort was older (M trans = 38 years (SD:14), M cis = 53 years (SD: 15)) and had higher BMI than the transgender cohort (M trans = 26.9 (SD: 5.5), M cis = 35.2 (SD: 11.2)). Cisgender patients also had poorer overall health (p = 0.001), and were more likely to have hypertension (p = 0.001) and diabetes (p = 0.001). Race and ethnicity did not vary significantly between the cohorts. Operative details differed significantly between cohorts, such that transgender patients had a longer operating time (M trans = 303 min (SD: 155), M cis = 147 min (SD: 107)) and fewer transgender patients had a simple scrotoplasty (p = 0.02). The majority of gender-affirming scrotoplasties were performed by plastic surgeons (62%) whereas the majority of cisgender scrotoplasties were performed by urologists (76%). Despite these demographic and pre-operative differences, the number of patients who underwent complex scrotoplasty experiencing any of the tested complications did not differ by gender. Our results support scrotoplasty as a safe procedure for transgender patients, with no significant differences in outcomes between transgender and cisgender patients.