Comparison of the muscle oxygenation during submaximal and maximal exercise tests in patients post-coronavirus disease 2019 syndrome with pulmonary involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary involvement is prevalent in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Arterial hypoxemia may reduce oxygen transferred to the skeletal muscles, possibly leading to impaired exercise capacity. Oxygen uptake may vary depending on the increased oxygen demand of the muscles during submaximal and maximal exercise. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare muscle oxygenation during submaximal and maximal exercise tests in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome with pulmonary involvement. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients were included. Pulmonary function (spirometry), peripheral muscle strength (dynamometer), quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle oxygenation (Moxy® device), and submaximal exercise capacity (six-minute walk test (6-MWT)) were tested on the first day, maximal exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)) was tested on the second day. Physical activity level was evaluated using an activity monitor worn for five consecutive days. Cardiopulmonary responses and muscle oxygenation were compared during 6-MWT and CPET. RESULTS: Patients' minimum and recovery muscle oxygen saturation were significantly decreased; maximum total hemoglobin increased, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing frequency, dyspnea, fatigue, and leg fatigue at the end-of-test and recovery increased in CPET compared to 6-MWT (p < .050). Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was 18.15 ± 4.75 ml/min/kg, VO2peak; percent predicted < 80% was measured in 51.28% patients. Six-MWT distance and QF muscle strength were less than 80% predicted in 58.9% and 76.9% patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome with pulmonary involvement, muscle deoxygenation of QF is greater during maximal exercise than during submaximal exercise. Specifically, patients with lung impairment should be evaluated for deoxygenation and should be taken into consideration during pulmonary rehabilitation.

Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a randomized controlled study.

PURPOSE: During hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), patients' exercise capacity and quality of life (QOL) are impaired. Exercise training is recommended to preserve cardiorespiratory fitness during the compelling HSCT period. However, studies investigating the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in HSCT recipients are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of two different PR programs on maximal exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, pulmonary function, and QOL. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized, controlled, triple-blinded study. Thirty hospitalized patients undergoing HSCT were randomized to the pulmonary rehabilitation plus inspiratory muscle training (PR + IMT) group and the PR group. PR group performed upper extremity aerobic exercise training (AET) and progressive resistance exercise training (PRET), PR + IMT group performed IMT in addition to the upper extremity AET and PRET. Maximal exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise testing), respiratory muscle strength (mouth pressure device, (MIP and MEP)) and respiratory muscle endurance (threshold loading test), pulmonary function (spirometry), and QOL (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) were evaluated before HSCT and after discharge. RESULTS: Changes in pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and QOL were similar within groups (p > 0.05). The MEP, peak oxygen consumption, and oxygen pulse significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, and QOL preserved after HSCT. Expiratory muscle strength and maximal exercise capacity decreased even though PR during HSCT. Breathing reserve and restriction improved in the PR + IMT group. In addition, minute ventilation and dyspnea were preserved in the PR + IMT group, while these values were worsened during two structured PR programs. Therefore, PR should be applied in accordance with the patient's current clinical and hematologic status to patients undergoing HSCT. CLINICALTRIALS: gov (19/07/2018, NCT03625063).

Comparison of respiratory functions, muscle strength, and physical activity among children with primary ciliary dyskinesia with and without Kartagener's syndrome and healthy controls.

INTRODUCTION: Kartagener's syndrome (KS), consisting of bronchiectasis, situs inversus totalis, and sinusitis, is a subtype of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The presence of KS may affect respiratory and physical functions. PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare respiratory functions, exercise capacity, muscle strength, and physical activity levels among children with PCD with/without KS and healthy peers. METHODS: Fifteen patients with KS, 23 with PCD without KS, and 27 controls were compared. Pulmonary function, functional exercise capacity (6-minute walk test - 6MWT), maximal inspiratory, expiratory (MIP, MEP), and skeletal muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance (IME), and physical activity level were evaluated. RESULTS: The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % (p = .009), forced expiratory flow from 25%-75% (FEF25-75%) % (p = .001), MIP (p = .034), MEP (p = .003), 6MWT distance (p = .001), and daily steps (p = .034) were significantly different among the groups. Quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle strength and IME were similar in groups (p ˃ .05). FEV1% (p = .002), FEF25-75% % (p = .001), MIP (p = .027), MEP (p = .001), and 6MWT distance (p = .003) in patients with KS; 6MWT distance (p = .003) in patients with PCD without KS was significantly lower than controls. CONCLUSION: The presence of KS affects pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, and physical activity more. Exercise capacity and physical activity levels are decreased, inspiratory muscle endurance and QF muscle strength are preserved in patients with KS and PCD without KS. Kartagener's syndrome further impairs pulmonary and extrapulmonary outcomes; the reasons should be investigated, and the necessity of rehabilitation approaches that will prevent deterioration come to the fore.

Exercise capacity, physical activity and quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed hematologic malignancies: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare pulmonary function, exercise capacity, physical activity levels, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, dyspnea in patients with newly diagnosed hematologic malignancies and controls. METHODS: Twenty-three patients and 20 healthy controls were included. Pulmonary function, exercise capacity, physical activity level, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength [maximum inspiratory (MIP), expiratory pressure (MEP)], respiratory muscle endurance, and dyspnea were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients' six-minute walk test distance, PEF, MIP, MEP, respiratory muscle endurance, total and active energy expenditure, physical activity duration, average MET's, number of steps, functional, social function, general health status scores were lower; dyspnea, symptom, fatigue subscales scores were higher compared with controls (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although pulmonary function is preserved, exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, physical activity, quality of life were impaired in patients. Individualized pulmonary rehabilitation programs should be performed in the early stage of the disease.

Aerobic exercise capacity, cough strength, posture, and depression in primary ciliary dyskinesia.

INTRODUCTION: Assessment of exercise capacity is important for information about lung function and prognosis in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). In addition, deterioration in the pulmonary system may affect cough efficiency, posture, and thoracoabdominal mobility. In turn, this deterioration may also disturb the psychological function of patients with PCD. Therefore, this study aimed to compare exercise capacity, cough strength, thoracoabdominal mobility, posture, and depression in children with PCD and healthy peers. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with PCD and 28 healthy peers were included. Aerobic exercise capacity (3-min step test), cough strength (peak expiratory flow meter), thoracoabdominal mobility (upper chest, lower chest, and abdomen), posture (Corbin postural assessment scale), and depression (Children's Depression Inventory) were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients' number of steps completed, cough strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility were significantly decreased; total posture and depression scores were higher compared with healthy controls (p< 0.05). There was a significant relationship between cough strength and maximal expiratory strength (r = 0.541, p= 0.004) and total number of steps (r = 0.509, p= 0.007) in the patients. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise capacity, cough strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility were impaired, posture was deteriorated, and depression perception elevated in children with PCD compared to healthy peers. Furthermore, aerobic exercise capacity and maximal expiratory strength are related to cough strength in these patients. Rehabilitation programs including aerobic and resistive exercise training, deep breathing and postural exercise, and nutrition counseling may improve these results and better be investigated. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03370029; December 12, 2017.

A comparison of the effects of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training on exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and quality of life in pacemaker patients with heart failure: A randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have widely investigated the effects of inspiratory muscle strength training in patients with heart failure (HF). The effects of inspiratory muscle strength or endurance training on outcomes in patients with pacemakers have not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to compare the effects of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training on exercise capacity, quality of life (QoL), peripheral and respiratory muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, pulmonary function, dyspnea, fatigue, and physical activity levels in pacemaker patients with HF. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, double-blind study was conducted. Fourteen pacemaker patients with HF received inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) at 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and 18 patients received endurance training (IMET) at 30% of MIP 7 days/8 weeks. Exercise capacity [6 min. walking test (6MWT) and the Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT)], pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength [MIP, maximal expiratory pressure (MEP)], endurance, peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea, fatigue, QoL, and physical activity level were evaluated before and after. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics were similar in IMST (3F/11M, 56.92 ± 7.61y, EF: 25%, ICD/CRT:11/3) and IMET (4F/14M, 56 ± 10.77y, EF: 30%, ICD/CRT:16/2) groups (p > 0.05). Significant improvements were present in MIP, MEP, respiratory muscle endurance, peripheral muscle strength, 6MWT and ISWT walking distances, dyspnea, QoL, physical activity level, fatigue scores within groups (p ≤ 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant improvements in FEV1%, FVC%, FEV1/FVC%, and FEF25-75 within and between the groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance training similarly improves respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, exercise capacity, QoL, physical activity level, and decreases dyspnea and fatigue and are safe and effective in pacemaker patients with HF. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; study number: NCT03501355.

Respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity and physical activity in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiological mechanisms of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) may affect many functions, including respiratory, physical, and health status. This study aimed to compare respiratory muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, muscle strength, exercise capacity, physical activity levels, and quality of life in PCD patients and controls. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients and 28 controls were included. Respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory (MIP) and maximal expiratory (MEP) pressures), inspiratory muscle endurance (incremental threshold loading test), muscle strength (quadriceps femoris, shoulder abductor, elbow flexor, handgrip), exercise capacity (6-min walk test (6MWT)), physical activity and quality of life (QOL-PCD) were evaluated. RESULTS: MIP, inspiratory muscle endurance, quadriceps femoris, and handgrip muscle strength, 6MWT distance, total energy expenditure; childrens' (6-12 years) and their parents' physical function, upper, lower respiratory, and hearing symptoms and treatment burden QOL-PCD subscales scores were significantly lower in patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). The 66.7% of patients did not meet the optimal number of steps. MEP, shoulder abductor, and elbow flexor muscle strength, active energy expenditure, physical activity duration, average metabolic equivalents, number of steps, lying time, and sleep duration; childrens' and their parents' other subscales and adolescents' all QOL-PCD subscales scores were similar between groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, lower extremity and total muscle strength, exercise capacity, total energy expenditure, and childrens' quality of life are impaired compared to healthy controls. Decreased physical activity level is prevalent in these patients. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on these impaired outcomes for PCD patients should be investigated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03370029; December 12, 2017.

Exercise capacity, muscle strength, dyspnea, physical activity, and quality of life in preoperative patients with lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: To detect the extent to which physical impairments are observed in patients with lung cancer awaiting lung surgery, exercise capacity, muscle strength, physical activity, dyspnea, and quality of life (QOL) were objectively compared between the patients and healthy individuals in current study. METHODS: Patients with lung cancer (n = 26) and healthy individuals (n = 21) were included. Exercise capacity, respiratory (maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP)) and quadriceps femoris muscle strength, physical activity, dyspnea and QOL were evaluated using 6-min walk test (6-MWT), a mouth pressure device, a hand-held dynamometer, a metabolic holter device, Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire C30 version 3.0, respectively. RESULTS: The 6-MWT distance (mean difference: 78.97 m), percentages of predicted MIP and MEP values, physical activity parameters (energy expenditures, physical activity duration, average metabolic equivalent and number of steps) and QOL subscales scores (functional, social function and global health status) were significantly lower in the patients than healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Dyspnea perception and other QOL subscales scores (symptom and fatigue) were significantly higher in patients than healthy individuals (p < 0.05). No significant difference was prevalent in quadriceps femoris muscle strength (p > 0.05). Sixteen (66.7%) patients were sedentary. DISCUSSION: Severe reductions in exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and physical activity level, poorer QOL and evident dyspnea exist in preoperative patients with lung cancer. Therefore, patients should be included in early protective rehabilitation program including aerobic exercise, respiratory muscle training and physical activity counseling before lung surgery.

Impairments in dyspnea, exercise capacity, physical activity and quality of life of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation survivors compared with healthy individuals: a cross sectional study.

Background: A limited number of studies have reported impairments in physical activity, exercise capacity and quality of life (QOL) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic-HSCT) recipients. We aimed to compare dyspnea, exercise capacity, physical activity and QOL in allogeneic-HSCT recipients with age-gender matched healthy individuals, since this has not been investigated hitherto. Methods: A total of 80 allogeneic-HSCT recipients (>100 days status post-transplantation) (38.88 ± 13.25 years) and 60 healthy individuals (35.92 ± 10.83 years) were compared. Exercise capacity [6-minute walk test (6-MWT)], physical activity level (total and active energy expenditure, moderate and severe physical activity duration, number of steps, average metabolic equivalent, lying down and sleeping duration) [metabolic holter], QOL [European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire (EORTCQOL)], dyspnea [Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea scale] and pulmonary functions [spirometry] were evaluated. Clinical trials #NCT03606005. Results: Six-MWT distance, energy expenditure, physical activity duration, number of steps, average metabolic equivalent, global health status, functional and social function subscales of EORTCQOL were significantly lower in recipients compared with controls; dyspnea score, lying down, sleep durations, symptom and fatigue subscales of EORTCQOL were significantly higher in recipients compared with controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Dyspnea during daily living activities, exercise capacity, physical activity level and QOL are considerably impaired in allogeneic-HSCT recipients during post-engraftment period. To improve impaired outcomes, allogeneic-HSCT recipients should be oriented to cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs.

Comparison of functional and maximal exercise capacity, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea, and fatigue in patients with heart failure with pacemakers and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Despite major breakthroughs that have recently been made in pacemakers implanted in patients with heart failure (HF), it is clear that functional impairments and symptoms often remain. However, only limited studies have investigated exercise capacity, muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, and fatigue in these patients. Therefore, we aimed to compare aforementioned outcomes in patients and healthy controls. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Fifty patients with HF with pacemakers (58.90 ± 10.69 years, NYHA II-III, LVEF: 30.79 ± 8.78%) and 40 controls (56.33 ± 5.82 years) were compared. Functional (6-Minute Walking test (6-MWT)) and maximal exercise capacity (Incremental Shuttle Walk test (ISWT)), respiratory (Mouth pressure device) and peripheral muscle strength (Dynamometer), pulmonary function (Spirometry), dyspnea (Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea scale), and fatigue (Fatigue Severity scale) were evaluated. ClinicalTrial number: NCT03701854. Results: 6-MWT (412.62 ± 96.51 m versus 610.16 ± 59.48 m) and ISWT (279.97 m versus 655 m) distances (p ˂ 0.001), pulmonary function (p˂0.001), respiratory and peripheral muscle strength (p ˂ 0.001) were significantly lower; dyspnea (p ˂ 0.001) and fatigue (p = .030) scores were higher in patients compared with controls. Conclusion: Maximal and functional exercise capacity is impaired in the majority of patients with HF with pacemakers, respiratory and peripheral muscles are weakened, dyspnea and fatigue perceptions are increased. Patients with pacemakers have to be included in cardiac rehabilitation programs to improve impairments.

Differences in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary characteristics in severely versus non-severely fatigued recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cross-sectional, comparative study.

OBJECTIVES: Fatigue is a common symptom in allogeneic-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic-HSCT) recipients. However, effects of severe fatigue on pulmonary functions, blood cells, dyspnea, muscle strength, exercise capacity, depression and quality of life (QOL) in allogeneic-HSCT recipients are still unknown. Therefore, to compare pulmonary functions, blood levels, dyspnea, muscle strength, exercise capacity, depression, and QOL between allogeneic-HSCT recipients according to fatigue severity and to determine predictors of severe fatigue were aimed in the current study. METHODS: Twenty-four severe-fatigued (Fatigue Severity Scale score ≥36) (40.08 ± 12.44years) and 25 non-severe-fatigued (36.20 ± 13.73years) allogeneic-HSCT recipients were compared. Blood levels, pulmonary functions (spirometer), dyspnea (Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea scale), exercise capacity (6-minute walk test), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), QOL (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire), respiratory (mouth pressure device) and peripheral muscle strength (dynamometer) were evaluated. RESULTS: Symptom QOL-subscale and depression scores were significantly higher; peripheral muscle strength, global health status, and functional QOL-subscales scores were lower in severe-fatigued recipients (p < 0.05) whose exercise capacity was clinically (28.85 m) decreased. Blood levels, pulmonary functions, dyspnea, and respiratory muscle strength were similar in groups (p > 0.05). 42.4% of the variance in severe fatigue was explained by symptom QOL-subscale score and corticosteroid use after HSCT (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Impairments in peripheral muscle strength, QOL, exercise capacity, and depression are more prevalent among severe-fatigued recipients. Moreover, poorer QOL and corticosteroid use after HSCT are most important predictors of severe fatigue. Effects of comprehensive exercise programs and psychosocial support for severe-fatigued recipients in late post-engraftment period should be investigated.

Six minute walk test versus incremental shuttle walk test in cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Although both self-paced and externally paced field tests are widely used in cystic fibrosis (CF), it is still unclear whether they induce clinically relevant and similar cardiorespiratory responses. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and 6 min walk test (6MWT), and to determine the factors influencing exercise capacity in CF. METHODS: Fifty clinically stable CF patients were included in the study. Pulmonary function, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength were assessed, anthropometric measurements were recorded, and 6MWT and ISWT carried out. RESULTS: The CF patients covered significantly more distance in the ISWT than 6MWT (P < 0.001). Heart rate response and dyspnea score at the end of the tests and during the recovery phase were significantly higher in the ISWT compared with the 6MWT (P < 0.05). The 6MWT and ISWT had similar moderate-strong correlations with age, height, weight, pulmonary function, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength (P < 0.05). Forty-nine percent of the variance in 6MWT distance was explained by age and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ; R(2)  = 0.49, F(2-48) = 22.033, P < 0.001). The variables contributing to ISWT distance were FEV1 , inspiratory muscle strength, and body mass index (R(2)  = 0.596, F(3-44) = 20.176, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The ISWT is a better reflection of exercise tolerance in CF than 6MWT. ISWT is a preferable alternative assessment of exercise tolerance in terms of cardiorespiratory response.

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Subjects With Sarcoidosis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory muscle weakness occurs in sarcoidosis and is related to decreased exercise capacity, greater fatigue, dyspnea, and lower quality of life in sarcoidosis patients. The effects of inspiratory muscle training in this population have not been comprehensively investigated so far. This study was planned to investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise capacity, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, pulmonary function and diffusing capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, depression, and quality of life in subjects with sarcoidosis. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, and double blind study. Fifteen sarcoidosis subjects (treatment group) received inspiratory muscle training at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (P(Imax)), and 15 subjects (control group) received sham therapy (5% of P(Imax)) for 6 weeks. Functional and maximal exercise capacity, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, pulmonary function and diffusing capacity, fatigue, dyspnea, depression, and quality of life were evaluated. RESULTS: Functional (P < .001) and maximal exercise capacity (P = .038), respiratory muscle strength (P(Imax) [P < .001] and P(Emax) [P = .001]), severe fatigue (P = .002), and dyspnea perception (P = .02) were statistically significantly improved in the treatment group compared with controls; no significant improvements were observed in pulmonary function and diffusing capacity, peripheral muscle strength, fatigue, depression, and quality of life between groups after inspiratory muscle training. CONCLUSIONS: Inspiratory muscle training improves functional and maximal exercise capacity and respiratory muscle strength and decreases severe fatigue and dyspnea perception in subjects with early stages of sarcoidosis. Inspiratory muscle training can be safely and effectively included in rehabilitation programs. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02270333.).

The Role of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Sickle Cell Anemia Related Pulmonary Damage due to Recurrent Acute Chest Syndrome Attacks.

Background. The sickling of red blood cells causes a constellation of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and pulmonary manifestations. A 32-year-old gentleman with sickle cell anemia (SCA) had been suffering from recurrent acute chest syndrome (ACS). Aim. To examine the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on pulmonary functions, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, and quality of life in this patient with SCA. Methods. Functional exercise capacity was evaluated using six-minute walk test, respiratory muscle strength using mouth pressure device, hand grip strength using hand-held dynamometer, pain using Visual Analogue Scale, fatigue using Fatigue Severity Scale, dyspnea using Modified Medical Research Council Scale, and health related quality of life using European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL measurement. Results. A significant improvement has been demonstrated in respiratory muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and quality of life. There was no admission to emergency department due to acute chest syndrome in the following 12 months after commencing regular erythrocytapheresis. Conclusion. This is the first report demonstrating the beneficial effects of inspiratory muscle training on functional exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and quality of life in a patient with recurrent ACS.

A comparison of muscle strength and endurance, exercise capacity, fatigue perception and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy subjects: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has significant systemic effects that substantially impact quality of life and survival. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare peripheral muscle strength and endurance, exercise capacity, fatigue perception and quality of life between patients with COPD and healthy subjects. METHODS: Twenty COPD patients (mean FEV1 49.3 ± 19.2%) and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Pulmonary function testing and six-minute walk test (6MWT) were performed. Peripheral muscle strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer, peripheral muscle endurance was evaluated with sit-ups, squats and modified push-ups tests. Fatigue perception was assessed using the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). General quality of life was determined with the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and cough-specific quality of life was evaluated with the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). RESULTS: Pulmonary functions, strength of shoulder abductor and flexor muscles, numbers of sit-ups and squats, 6MWT distance and 6MWT% were significantly lower in COPD patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). FIS psychosocial sub-dimension and total scores, NHP scores for all sub-dimensions except pain sub-dimension of the COPD group were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects (p < 0.05). The LCQ physical, psychological and social sub-dimensions and total scores were significantly lower in COPD patients than in healthy subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary functions, peripheral muscle strength and endurance, exercise capacity and quality of life were adversely affected in patients with COPD. There are greater effect of fatigue on psychosocial functioning and general daily life activities and effect of cough on the quality of life in patients with COPD. This study supports the idea that COPD patients must be evaluated in a comprehensive manner for planning pulmonary rehabilitation programs.

Extrapulmonary features of bronchiectasis: muscle function, exercise capacity, fatigue, and health status.

BACKGROUND: There are limited number of studies investigating extrapulmonary manifestations of bronchiectasis. The purpose of this study was to compare peripheral muscle function, exercise capacity, fatigue, and health status between patients with bronchiectasis and healthy subjects in order to provide documented differences in these characteristics for individuals with and without bronchiectasis. METHODS: Twenty patients with bronchiectasis (43.5 ± 14.1 years) and 20 healthy subjects (43.0 ± 10.9 years) participated in the study. Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength (maximal expiratory pressure - MIP - and maximal expiratory pressure - MEP), and dyspnea perception using the Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (MMRC) were determined. A six-minute walk test (6MWT) was performed. Quadriceps muscle, shoulder abductor, and hand grip strength (QMS, SAS, and HGS, respectively) using a hand held dynamometer and peripheral muscle endurance by a squat test were measured. Fatigue perception and health status were determined using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ), respectively. RESULTS: Number of squats, 6MWT distance, and LCQ scores as well as lung function testing values and respiratory muscle strength were significantly lower and MMRC and FSS scores were significantly higher in patients with bronchiectasis than those of healthy subjects (p < 0.05). In bronchiectasis patients, QMS was significantly associated with HGS, MIP and MEP (p < 0.05). The 6MWT distance was significantly correlated to LCQ psychological score (p < 0.05). The FSS score was significantly associated with LCQ physical and total and MMRC scores (p < 0.05). The LCQ psychological score was significantly associated with MEP and 6MWT distance (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral muscle endurance, exercise capacity, fatigue and health status were adversely affected by the presence of bronchiectasis. Fatigue was associated with dyspnea and health status. Respiratory muscle strength was related to peripheral muscle strength and health status, but not to fatigue, peripheral muscle endurance or exercise capacity. These findings may provide insight for outcome measures for pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with bronchiectasis.

Comparison of functional exercise capacity, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in patients with multiple sclerosis with different disability levels and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: To compare functional exercise capacity, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength in fully ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis with different disability levels and healthy controls, and to elucidate the determinant factors of functional exercise capacity. METHODS: Forty-three fully ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Patients were grouped according to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS); Group I (EDSS 0-2), Group II (EDSS 2.5-4.5). Functional exercise capacity was evaluated using a six-minute walk test, and measurement of pulmonary function, and maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP, MEP). The Pulmonary Index was used as a clinical predictor of respiratory dysfunction. RESULTS: Respiratory muscle strength was lower in multiple sclerosis groups compared with controls, but the difference in MIP and %MIP did not reach statistical significance in Group I. The six-minute walk test distance was significantly shorter and peak expiratory flow was lower in multiple sclerosis groups (p < 0.05). Of the variance in the six-minute walk test distance, 75% was explained by EDSS (R2 = 0.55, p < 0.001), difference in heart rate (R2 = 0.06, p = 0.007), age (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.009) and gender (R2 = 0.09, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Respiratory muscles are weakened, functional exercise capacity is reduced and pulmonary function is affected even in the early phase of multiple sclerosis. Ambulatory patients with multiple sclerosis who have a higher level of disability have lower pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity than less disabled ones and controls. Neurological disability level, age, gender and heart rate difference on exertion are the determinants of functional exercise capacity.

Effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with heart failure.

AIM: To investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in heart failure patients. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled, double-blinded study. Thirty patients with heart failure (NYHA II-III, LVEF<40%) were included. Sixteen patients received IMT at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and 14 patients received sham therapy (15% of MIP) for 6 weeks. Functional capacity and balance, respiratory muscle strength, quadriceps femoris muscle strength, pulmonary function, dyspnea, fatigue, quality of life, and depression were evaluated. RESULTS: Functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, dyspnea, depression were significantly improved in the treatment group compared with controls; quality of life and fatigue were similarly improved within groups (p < 0.05). Functional capacity (418.59 ± 123.32 to 478.56 ± 131.58 m, p < 0.001), respiratory (MIP = 62.00 ± 33.57 to 97.13 ± 32.63 cmH(2)O, p < 0.001) and quadriceps femoris muscle strength (240.91 ± 106.08 to 301.82 ± 111.86 N, p < 0.001), FEV(1)%, FVC% and PEF%, functional balance (52.73 ± 3.15 to 54.25 ± 2.34, p < 0.001), functional dyspnea (2.27 ± 0.88 to 1.07 ± 0.79, p < 0.001), depression (11.47 ± 7.50 to 3.20 ± 4.09, p < 0.001), quality of life, fatigue (42.73 ± 11.75 to 29.07 ± 13.96, p < 0.001) were significantly improved in the treatment group. Respiratory muscle strength (MIP = 78.64 ± 35.95 to 90.86 ± 30.23 cmH(2)O, p = 0.001), FVC%, depression (14.36 ± 9.04 to 9.50 ± 10.42, p = 0.011), quality of life and fatigue (42.86 ± 12.67 to 32.93 ± 15.87, p = 0.008) were significantly improved in the control group. CONCLUSION: The IMT improves functional capacity and balance, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength; decreases depression and dyspnea perception in patients with heart failure. IMT should be included effectively in pulmonary rehabilitation programs.

[A comparison of pulmonary function, peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and functional capacity in the heart failure patients with different functional classes]. / Farkli fonksiyonel siniflardaki kalp yetersizligi hastalarinda, solunum fonksiyonlari, periferik ve solunum kas kuvveti ve fonksiyonel kapasitenin karsilastirilmasi

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional, observational study was planned to compare pulmonary function, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, and functional capacity in different functional classes of heart failure patients. METHODS: Thirty-four heart failure patients, in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II and III (68.59±9.84 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) =34.24±7.59%) were included. Class II and III patients' pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry, respiratory muscle strength using a mouth pressure device, functional capacity using six minute walk test (6MWT), quadriceps femoris and biceps brachii muscle strength were evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer, and variables were compared. Student t, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength between the two groups (p>0.05). The 6MWT distance (328.35±101.56 m; vs. 480.05±104.19 m) quadriceps femoris (218.83±63.62 N; vs. 290.69±115.53 N) and biceps brachii (164.22±44.78 N; vs. 219.19±49.37 N) muscle strength of Class III patients were significantly lower than of Class II patients (p<0.05 for all). The NYHA classification system was significantly correlated with measured and predicted 6MWT distance (r=-0.59, r=-0.65, respectively), biceps brachii muscle strength (r=-0.46, r=-0.40, respectively), and % quadriceps femoris muscle strength (r=-0.43) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Functional capacity and peripheral muscle strength decrease as the illness progresses in heart failure. Pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength are preserved. The NYHA classification system is a reliable method in the detection of changes in functional capacity and peripheral muscle strength. Changes in functional capacity and peripheral muscle strength are consistent with the NYHA classification system.

International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version.

Physical inactivity is a global problem which is related to many chronic health disorders. Physical activity scales which allow cross-cultural comparisons have been developed. The goal was to assess the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 1,097 university students (721 women, 376 men; ages 18-32) volunteered. Short and long forms of the IPAQ gave good agreement and comparable 1-wk. test-retest reliabilities. Caltrac accelerometer data were compared with IPAQ scores in 80 participants with good agreement for short and long forms. Turkish versions of the IPAQ short and long forms are reliable and valid in assessment of physical activity.