Delayed Pediatric Diagnosis of Cysticercosis and Uveitis Presenting as Chronic Multifocal Subretinal Fluid Blebs.

Purpose: To report an unusual case of intraocular cysticercosis in a 11-year-old boy that presented with chronic posterior uveitis and associated recalcitrant subfoveal and multifocal subretinal fluid blebs. The patient was later found to have a subsequent free-floating vitreous cyst that had been concealed from examination for years. Methods: Case report. Results: A diagnostic and therapeutic vitrectomy and cyst extraction revealed eosinophilic material suggestive of cysticercosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed suggestive neurocysticercosis and serological titers for cysticercosis immunoglobulin G were positive. After antihelminthic therapy and surgical removal of the cyst, the patient did well with complete resolution of multifocal subretinal fluid blebs and visual acuity improvement to 20/25. Conclusion: Ocular cysticercosis is a sight-threatening parasitic disease that can cause visually threatening manifestations if not identified and treated in a timely manner. Awareness of atypical presentations such as seen in this case in a pediatric patient is paramount.

The Vision Detroit Project: Visual Burden, Barriers, and Access to Eye Care in an Urban Setting.

PURPOSE: Vision loss and blindness are among the top ten disabilities in the United States, yet access and utilization of eye care remains low. Vision Detroit aimed to address eye-care disparities via community-based screenings. By investigating burden of eye disease and barriers to eye-care utilization in an underserved urban community, we may direct efforts to improve access. METHODS: Twenty-three screenings were conducted from March 2015-November 2017. Patient information gathered at screenings were demographics, medical and social history, eye exam/referral history, insurance status, primary care physician (PCP) status, and patient-perceived eye-care barriers. RESULTS: Three-hundred-eighty patients were screened, 42% African American and 51% Hispanic. Average age was 53 ± 16.4 years, 70% reported vision problems, 50% reported over two years of vision problems, and average habitual visual acuity in best-seeing eye was 20/37. Eye-care underutilization was reported in 61% of type-2 diabetics. Older age and PCP recommendations/referrals were associated with increased utilization in all patients. Insurance was the most common barrier (53%); of the 55% insured, 31% reported financial barriers. Employed patients were more likely than unemployed to report a time barrier (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval 1.03-3.01). Those with high school or less education reported "unaware of need", "unsure where to go", "transportation", and "insurance" as barriers more often. CONCLUSION: Visual burden was pervasive, yet access was suboptimal. Financial, logistical, and awareness barriers were common. PCP referral and older age were associated with increased utilization. Those less educated reported more barriers, highlighting the need to address fiscal concerns and eye-health education.

MACULAR CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN UNILATERAL COMMOTIO RETINAE.

PURPOSE: To investigate the choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal area (CA) in patients with unilateral commotio retinae of the macula using spectral domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced-depth imaging. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 16 eyes of 8 consecutive patients with unilateral macular commotio retinae within 7 days of blunt ocular trauma that underwent optical coherence tomography with enhanced-depth imaging seen at our institution. The contralateral, nontraumatized eye served as the control group. All patients underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging with enhanced-depth imaging protocol. Using the electronic caliper within the Zeiss optical coherence tomography review software, CT was measured from the outer portion of the retinal pigment epithelium band to the inner surface of the sclera. The central horizontal and vertical rasters were averaged to calculate the final CT measurement of each eye. The final CA reading of each eye was obtained by averaging the central 1,500 µm2 of subfoveal CA using the same rasters. The researchers compared the CT, CA, and best-corrected visual acuity in traumatized eyes with macular commotio with their fellow nontraumatized control eyes. RESULTS: Traumatized eyes with macular commotio retinae had greater subfoveal CT and CA (P = 0.0027, P = 0.0279) compared with the normal fellow eye. An increase in CT and CA in the subfoveal area in the presence of commotio retinae was associated with worse visual acuity (P = 0.0180). CONCLUSION: Subfoveal CT and CA were greater in eyes with commotio retinae when compared with normal fellow eyes. Increased CT and CA in macular commotio retinae were associated with decreased visual acuity.

Longitudinal Assessment of Ellipsoid Zone Mapping Parameters in Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease With Associated Macular Edema.

Purpose: This work evaluated the longitudinal dynamics of ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) with macular edema and their relation to outcomes. Methods: Clinical characteristics and optical coherence tomography data of patients with RVO and associated macular edema were collected at baseline and at 3 and 12 months. Macular cube scans were exported into EZ and retinal-layer analysis software. Longitudinal EZ parameters and visual acuity (VA) outcomes were regressed and correlated. Results: The study included 108 eyes of 108 patients; all eyes were treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy at the baseline visit. VA improved from 20/97 at baseline to 20/52 at 3 months and 12 months (P < .001), correlating with EZ integrity at each time point (P < .001). At 12 months following initiation of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy, EZ partial attenuation and EZ total attenuation improved over 12 months from 16.4% to 8.5% (P < .001) and from 12.3% to 5.9% (P < .001), respectively. VA improvement from baseline to 12 months correlated with improvement of EZ partial and total attenuation (P < .001). Baseline EZ characteristics did not predict VA outcomes, but at 3 months, EZ parameters did predict improvement in visual outcomes by 12 months (P < .01). Conclusions: EZ and outer retinal integrity are correlated with functional outcomes in RVO. Following treatment, EZ integrity improves and is associated with functional improvement. In RVO baseline, EZ features were not associated with 1-year VA outcomes, but evaluation of EZ integrity at 3 months was linked to 1-year outcomes.

Nonsurgical management of photoaversive ocular and systemic loiasis in Michigan.

Objective: Ocular loasis refers to ocular conditions such as pain and redness caused by the movement of the Loa loa nematode through the subconjuctival space of the eye. It is a tropical disease that is very rarely seen in North America. We report the case of a 32-year-old male who was recently diagnosed with ocular loasis in the Midwestern region of the United States. Methods: He presented to the emergency department with left eye pain after seeing a "worm in his eye" the previous night. He had emigrated from Cameroon 7 years prior. Anterior segment examination revealed a translucent, motile worm in the subconjunctival space of his left eye. Results: Prior to the patient's scheduled follow-up for surgical removal of the worm, it migrated into the lower eyelid subdermal space. Serum testing confirmed the presence of Loa loa microfilariae at a concentration of >17,000 mf/mL. Conclusion: The patient was treated at the National Institute of Health (NIH) with pheresis followed by diethylcarbamazine and reported symptomatic improvement 1 month after treatment. This case report demonstrates the importance of being able to recognize and properly manage vector-borne parasites in nonendemic areas due to increased travel and climate change.

Quantitative Ultra-Widefield Angiographic Features and Associations with Diabetic Macular Edema.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between diabetic macular edema (DME) and quantitative ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) metrics of ischemia, leakage, and microaneurysms. DESIGN: Retrospective image analysis study. PARTICIPANTS: Eyes with diabetic retinopathy that had undergone spectral-domain OCT, UWFA, and ultra-widefield fundus photography. METHODS: OCT images were analyzed to determine the presence or absence of DME, central subfield thickness (CST), and subretinal fluid. Using a semiautomated analysis platform, UWFA images were segmented for ischemia, leakage, and microaneurysms with manual correction as needed. Clinical variables, including age, gender, race, hemoglobin A1C levels, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, use of blood thinners, smoking status, and lens status also were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Factors associated with the presence and severity of DME. RESULTS: A total of 304 eyes (156 right eyes, 148 left eyes) from 178 diabetic patients were analyzed in the study. Panretinal leakage index, microaneurysm count, and ischemic index were not significantly different between eyes with and without DME in univariate assessment. Zonal assessments of macular microaneurysms and macular leakage index values revealed that eyes with DME showed a significantly higher microaneurysm count (P = 0.001) and leakage index (P < 0.0001) in the posterior pole compared with eyes without DME. Severity of macular thickening (i.e., CST) was associated significantly with macular leakage index and posterior pole microaneurysm count (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.03, respectively). In addition to posterior pole leakage index and microaneurysm count, DME was associated with older age (P < 0.01), higher systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), and white race (P = 0.03). Multivariate assessment confirmed the independent association of presence of DME with macular leakage index and macular microaneurysm count (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measures of leakage index and microaneurysm count in the posterior pole on UWFA images were associated with the presence and severity of DME. Panretinal analyses were not linked to DME as strongly. Additional research is needed to determine the role of quantitative UWFA in predicting DME development and characterizing patient prognosis.

Noninvasive Structural Imaging of a Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma Using SS-OCTA and Correlation to Previously Reported Histopathology.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel imaging modality, and its role in the clinical evaluation of patients remains to be defined. In this report, the authors describe a case of a retinal cavernous hemangioma and show that OCTA of the lesion recapitulates many structural features first described in previous histopathologic studies, including aneurysmal architecture, septated blood flow, and epiretinal membrane. Thus, OCTA provides a new, noninvasive means of studying retinal cavernous hemangioma structure, a unique capability that may also be clinically relevant to the evaluation of other pathologic retinal vascular tumors, such as capillary and racemose hemangiomas. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:e320-e323.].

Bilateral Release of Falciform Retrolental Adhesion by Scleral Buckling in Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy.

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) can often present with retinal falciform folds, and rarely with retrolenticular adhesive radial retinal folds. Management of advanced FEVR-associated tractional falciform folds with retrolenticular adhesion to the peripheral retina in the literature has been limited to vitrectomy with or without lensectomy. The authors describe a unique surgical management of a case of bilateral FEVR-associated tractional radial folds with nonaxial retrolenticular adhesion treated with scleral buckling with deferred laser, avoiding the complications associated with vitrectomy and lensectomy on ocular development. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2019;50:594-596.].

Quantitative Ultra-Widefield Angiography and Diabetic Retinopathy Severity: An Assessment of Panretinal Leakage Index, Ischemic Index and Microaneurysm Count.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between the diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and quantitative ultra-widefield angiographic metrics, including leakage index, ischemic index, and microaneurysm count. DESIGN: Retrospective image analysis study. METHODS: Eyes with DR that had undergone ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) with associated color photography were identified. All eyes were laser-naive and had not received any intravitreal pharmacotherapy within 6 months of UWFA. Each eye was graded for DR severity. Quantitative angiographic parameters were evaluated with a semiautomated analysis platform with expert reader correction, as needed. Angiographic parameters included panretinal leakage index, ischemic index, and microaneurysm count. Clinical characteristics analyzed included age, gender, race, hemoglobin A1C level, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and smoking history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Association of DR severity with panretinal leakage index, ischemic index, and microaneurysm count. RESULTS: Three hundred thirty-nine eyes were included with mean age of 62±13 years. Forty-two percent of eyes were from women and 57.5% were from men. Distribution of DR severity was as follows: mild NPDR in 11.2%, moderate NPDR in 23.9%, severe NPDR in 40.1%, and PDR with 24.8%. Panretinal leakage index [mild NPDR (mean = 0.51%), moderate NPDR mean = 1.20%, severe NPDR (mean = 2.75%), and PDR (mean = 5.84%); P<2×10-16], panretinal ischemic index [mild NPDR (mean = 0.95%, moderate NPDR (mean = 1.37%), severe NPDR (mean = 2.80%), and PDR (mean = 9.53%); P<2×10-16], and panretinal microaneurysm count [mild NPDR (mean = 36), moderate NPDR (mean = 129), severe NPDR (mean = 203), and PDR (mean = 254); P<5×10-7] were strongly associated with DR severity. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ischemic index and leakage index were the parameters associated most strongly with level of DR severity. CONCLUSIONS: Panretinal leakage index, panretinal ischemic index, and panretinal microaneurysm count are associated with DR severity. Additional research is needed to understand the clinical implications of these parameters related to progression risk, prognosis, and implications for therapeutic response.

Ocular dirofilariasis: Ophthalmic implication of climate change on vector-borne parasites.

PURPOSE: To describe a geographically rare case of ophthalmic dirofilariasis. OBSERVATIONS: An 81-year-old male of good socioeconomic status living in the state of Michigan in the United States, presented to the eye clinic with a painful red left eye. He had not traveled outside of the state of Michigan in over three years. He was found to have a 7 cm long subconjunctival roundworm, which was ultimately extracted. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: With increasing global temperatures, ocular dirofilariasis is being introduced in more northern climates and should be included in the differential diagnosis in areas previously isolated from these vector-borne parasites.

Assessment of Neurotrophins and Inflammatory Mediators in Vitreous of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: To assess vitreous levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins (NTs) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and elucidate their potential roles. Methods: A prospective study was performed on 50 vitreous samples obtained from patients with DR (n = 22) and the nondiabetic controls (n = 28). All patients were candidates for vitrectomy. Inflammatory cytokine and NT levels were determined with ELISA. Potential source and role of NTs was determined by using human retinal Müller glia and mouse photoreceptor cells and challenging them with TNF-α or IL-1ß, followed by detection of NTs and cell death. Results: Vitreous NT levels of all DR patients were significantly higher than those of nondiabetic controls (nerve growth factor [NGF, P = 0.0001], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF, P = 0.009], neurotrophin-3 [NT-3, P < 0.0001], neurotrophin-4 [NT-4, P = 0.0001], ciliary neurotrophic factor [CNTF, P = 0.0001], and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF, P = 0.008]). Similarly, the levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1ß (P < 0.0001), IL-6 (P = 0.0005), IL-8 (P < 0.0001), and TNF-α (P < 0.0001) were also higher in eyes with DR. Interestingly, inflammatory cytokine and NT levels, particularly TNF-α (P < 0.05), IL-8 (P < 0.004), NT-3 (P = 0.012), NGF (P = 0.04), GDNF (P = 0.005), and CNTF (P = 0.002), were higher in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) than in eyes with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Cytokine stimulation of Müller glia resulted in production of NTs, and GDNF treatment reduced photoreceptor cell death in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions: Together, our study demonstrated that patients with DR have higher levels of both inflammatory cytokines and NTs in their vitreous. Müller glia could be the potential source of NTs under inflammatory conditions to exert neuroprotection.

Zika virus infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and causes chorioretinal atrophy in mouse eyes.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an important pathogen that causes not only neurologic, but also ocular, abnormalities. Thus, it is imperative that models to study ZIKV pathogenesis in the eye are developed to identify potential targets for interventions. Here, we studied ZIKV interactions with human retinal cells and evaluated ZIKV's pathobiology in mouse eyes. We showed that cells lining the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), the retinal endothelium, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were highly permissive and susceptible to ZIKV-induced cell death. Direct inoculation of ZIKV in eyes of adult C57BL/6 and IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) KO mice caused chorioretinal atrophy with RPE mottling, a common ocular manifestation of congenital ZIKV infection in humans. This response was associated with induced expression of multiple inflammatory and antiviral (IFNs) response genes in the infected mouse retina. Interestingly, ISG15 KO eyes exhibited severe chorioretinitis, which coincided with increased retinal cell death and higher ZIKV replication. Collectively, our study provides the first evidence to our knowledge that ZIKV causes retinal lesions and infects the cells lining the BRB and that ISG15 plays a role in retinal innate defense against ZIKV infection. Our mouse model can be used to study mechanisms underlying ZIKV-induced chorioretinitis and to gauge ocular antiviral therapies.

Functional and Morphological Evaluation of Traumatized Eyes With Berlin's Edema Affecting the Macula Using mfERG, Microperimetry, and SD-OCT.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe the structural and functional changes that occur in traumatic Berlin's edema involving the macula through assessment with multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), microperimetry, fundus photography, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective case series of five eyes from four patients with macular traumatic Berlin's edema. Patients underwent baseline mfERG (three eyes), MP1 microperimetry (three eyes), fundus photography (five eyes), and SD-OCT (five eyes). RESULTS: All eyes with Berlin's edema showed abnormal findings on baseline SD-OCT, including disruption and fragmentation of the inner segment/ outer segment layer. In two patients with unilateral blunt ocular trauma who underwent mfERG, there was complete loss of the foveal peak in affected eyes. All three eyes that underwent microperimetry showed depressed retinal sensitivity in the area of Berlin's edema. CONCLUSION: SD-OCT, microperimetry, and mfERG can be used to help diagnose, stratify traumatic severity, and follow structural and functional progression over time in patients with Berlin's edema. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:114-121.].

Dual Intravitreal Injections With Foscarnet and Ganciclovir for Ganciclovir-Resistant Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in a Congenitally Infected Infant.

Resistant strains of cytomegalovirus can be difficult to treat in cases of congenital cytomegalovirus retinitis. The authors describe a case of recurrent bilateral congenital cytomegalovirus retinitis in an immunocompetent newborn with ganciclovir resistance successfully treated uniquely with dual therapy of intravenous ganciclovir and foscarnet and dual intravitreal injections with ganciclovir and foscarnet. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016;53:e58-e60.].

Effect of treatment of rectal cancer metastasis with intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patient with subretinal fluid and macular oedema: short-term follow-up.

We describe the management of subretinal fluid and macular oedema due to colorectal cancer metastasis to the choroid using intravitreal bevacizumab. A patient with grade VI KRAS mutation rectal cancer with metastasis to the lung and cerebellum presented with left eye choroidal metastasis 1 week after being started on the experimental medication KTN3379. After intravitreal bevacizumab administration, the patient had improvement in macular subretinal fluid, but eventually progressed to severe cystoid macular oedema despite monthly intravitreal bevacizumab treatment.

Capsulorhexis tearing pattern during phacoemulsification in anterior lenticonus due to Alport syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe the tearing pattern during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in a patient with anterior lenticonus due to Alport syndrome. METHODS: A patient with bilateral anterior lenticonus underwent successful bilateral phacoemulsification and implantation of a single-piece intraocular lens. RESULTS: The capsule tore in an atypical cogwheel-like tearing pattern during capsulorhexis. This tearing pattern likely correlates to the known ultrastructural characteristics of thinning and periodic dehiscence and breaks in the anterior capsule. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing this tearing pattern preoperatively can help to prevent capsule runoff and capsule rupture.