Effects of gamma radiation on raspberries: safety and quality issues.

There is an ever-increasing global demand from consumers for high-quality foods with major emphasis placed on quality and safety attributes. One of the main demands that consumers display is for minimally processed, high-nutrition/low-energy natural foods with no or minimal chemical preservatives. The nutritional value of raspberry fruit is widely recognized. In particular, red raspberries are known to demonstrate a strong antioxidant capacity that might prove beneficial to human health by preventing free radical-induced oxidative stress. However, food products that are consumed raw, are increasingly being recognized as important vehicles for transmission of human pathogens. Food irradiation is one of the few technologies that address both food quality and safety by virtue of its ability to control spoilage and foodborne pathogenic microorganisms without significantly affecting sensory or other organoleptic attributes of the food. Food irradiation is well established as a physical, nonthermal treatment (cold pasteurization) that processes foods at or nearly at ambient temperature in the final packaging, reducing the possibility of cross contamination until the food is actually used by the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of gamma radiation on raspberries in order to assess consequences of irradiation. Freshly packed raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) were irradiated in a (60)Co source at several doses (0.5, 1, or 1.5 kGy). Bioburden, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, physicochemical properties such as texture, color, pH, soluble solids content, and acidity, and sensorial parameters were assessed before and after irradiation and during storage time up to 14 d at 4°C. Characterization of raspberries microbiota showed an average bioburden value of 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU)/g and a diverse microbial population predominantly composed of two morphological types (gram-negative, oxidase-negative rods, 35%, and filamentous fungi, 41%). The inactivation studies on the raspberries mesophilic population indicated a one log reduction of microbial load (95% inactivation efficiency for 1.5 kGy), in the surviving population mainly constituted by filamentous fungi (79-98%). The total phenolic content of raspberries indicated an increase with radiation doses and a decrease with storage time. The same trend was found for raspberries' antioxidant capacity with storage time. Regarding raspberries physicochemical properties, irradiation induced a significant decrease in firmness compared with nonirradiated fruit. However, nonirradiated and irradiated fruit presented similar physicochemical and sensory properties during storage time. Further studies are needed to elucidate the benefits of irradiation as a raspberries treatment process.

Effect of ionizing radiation on antioxidant compounds present in cork wastewater.

A preliminary study of the gamma radiation effects on the antioxidant compounds present in cork cooking water was carried out. Radiation studies were performed using radiation between 20 and 50 kGy at 0.4 and 2.4 kGy h(-1). The radiation effects on organic matter content were evaluated by chemical oxygen demand. The antioxidant activity was measured by ferric reducing power assay. The total phenolic content was studied using the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Results show that gamma radiation increases both the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of cork cooking water. These results highlight the potential of this technology for increasing the added value of cork waters.

Radiolytic degradation mechanism of gallic acid and its end-products.

Gallic acid is one of the most representative biorecalcitrant phenolic compounds present in cork processing wastewater. In this communication, chemical oxidation of gallic acid was studied by gamma irradiation as an advanced oxidation process. This technology turns out to be an advantageous tool for the degradation of gallic acid. The results obtained by UV-Vis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) techniques are in agreement concerning the suitability of this technique to degrade gallic acid. ESI-MS and ESI-MS(2) monitoring of the non-irradiated and irradiated gallic acid solutions leads to the identification of the main intermediate products. Based on the overall results obtained a consistent mechanism of radiolytic degradation of gallic acid is proposed. The application of radiation as a tool to increase the biodegradability of wastewaters is an important issue from the perspective of Green Chemistry.

Dose mapping of a 60Co irradiation facility using PENELOPE and MCNPX and its validation by chemical dosimetry.

The Monte Carlo simulation programs PENELOPE and MCNPX have been used for simulating the dose rate distribution in a (60)Co gamma irradiator. The simulated isodose curves obtained for each simulation code were validated comparing them to the dose measurements performed with a Fricke solution, which is a standard dosemeter widely used in radiation processing for calibration purposes. The agreement between the simulated values and the measurements indicates the effectiveness of both codes in performing the dose-mapping simulation for gamma irradiators.

Feeding of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiformes) in the Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil

We describe the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus, in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park. The Paraibuna and Grande rivers in the basin of the Paraíba do Sul River were sampled monthly from January to December 2004. The Alimentary Preference Degree and the frequency of occurrence indices were used to analyze the food items. The diets of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the two localities sampled were very similar, and reinforced the importance of the streamside forests in establishing and maintaining biotic and abiotic conditions in these environments. The species had a carnivorous diet that differed with ontogeny: smaller individuals were principally insectivorous and larger ones ichthyophagous.

O objetivo do trabalho foi abordar a dieta do peixe cachorro-magro, Oligosarcus hepsetus, no Núcleo Santa Virgínia do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. O rio Paraibuna e o ribeirão Grande da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul foram amostrados mensalmente de janeiro a dezembro de 2004, sendo utilizados o Grau de Preferência Alimentar e a freqüência de ocorrência para as análises dos itens alimentares de Oligosarcus hepsetus. A dieta nos dois locais amostrados foi muito similar e ressaltou-se a importância das matas ribeirinhas para o fornecimento e a manutenção das condições bióticas e abióticas destes ambientes. A espécie apresentou dieta carnívora com diferenciação ontogenética, sendo que os indivíduos menores foram principalmente insetívoros e os maiores ictiófagos.

Feeding of Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier, 1829) (Characiformes) in the Serra do Mar State Park--Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil.

We describe the diet of Oligosarcus hepsetus, in the Santa Virgínia Unit of the Serra do Mar State Park. The Paraibuna and Grande rivers in the basin of the Paraíba do Sul River were sampled monthly from January to December 2004. The Alimentary Preference Degree and the frequency of occurrence indices were used to analyze the food items. The diets of Oligosarcus hepsetus in the two localities sampled were very similar, and reinforced the importance of the streamside forests in establishing and maintaining biotic and abiotic conditions in these environments. The species had a carnivorous diet that differed with ontogeny: smaller individuals were principally insectivorous and larger ones ichthyophagous.

Monte Carlo studies for irradiation process planning at the Portuguese gamma irradiation facility.

The paper describes a Monte Carlo study for planning the irradiation of test samples for microbiological validation of distinct products in the Portuguese Gamma Irradiation Facility. Three different irradiation geometries have been used. Simulated and experimental results are compared and good agreement is observed. It is shown that Monte Carlo simulation improves process understanding, predicts absorbed dose distributions and calculates dose uniformity in different products. Based on these results, irradiation planning of the product can be performed.