Food consumption, nutritional intakes and the role of milk formulas in nutrient adequacy among young children from birth to 2 years living in urban Algeria.

OBJECTIVE: Undernutrition, stunted growth and obesity remain a concern in Algeria. Currently, limited data are available on nutrient intakes among children. Our study aimed to describe food and nutrient intakes and the role of milk formulas among Algerian children. DESIGN: Dietary intakes were collected using a 4-d interview-based survey for children aged 0-24 months, living in urban areas in Algeria in 2019. SETTING: Food consumptions were described. For children aged 6-24 months, nutrient intakes and adequacy were estimated. Modelling was used to estimate the nutritional impact of substituting cow's milk for age-appropriate infant formulas (IF). PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 446 children aged 0-24 months. RESULTS: Before 6 months, 91·6 % of infants were breastfed. Breastmilk was also the main milk consumed between 6 and 12 months, whereas cow's milk predominated after 12 months. In children aged 6-24 months, nutrient adequacy prevalence was above 75 % for the majority of nutrients. However, less than 30 % of the children had adequate intakes for total fats, Fe and vitamin D. Simulated substitution of cow's milk for IF led to improved adequacy for proteins, Fe, and vitamins D and E. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that breast-feeding rates were high until 6 months, then declined with age. Consumed foods allowed Algerian children aged 6-24 months to meet most of their nutritional needs, but inadequate intakes were reported for some key nutrients. Our modelling suggested that milk formulas may help to improve nutrient adequacy among non-breastfed infants. Other dietary changes could also be further investigated to enable children to meet all nutritional recommendations.

Blood pressure, dyslipidemia and inflammatory factors are related to body mass index in scholar adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with increased occurrence of numerous diseases, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Blood pressure (BP), dyslipidemia, and inflammation markers and their relationships with body mass index (BMI) were determined in scholar adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adolescents (n = 210) (sex ratio G/B = 106/104; 11 to 16 years) were recruited in three colleges of Oran city. Anthropometric parameters were measured to classify adolescents as thin (T), normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obese (O). Waist circumference (WC) and BP were measured, and serum glucose, uric acid, urea, lipid parameters, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were analyzed. RESULTS: Adolescents were classified according to their BMI as T (15%), NW (63%), OW (13%), and O (9%). Compared to NW, increased values of WC, BP (p < 0.001), and glucose (p < 0.01) were noted in OW and O groups. Total cholesterol (TC) level was elevated in O adolescents (p < 0.01). Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in OW (p < 0.05) and O (p < 0.01), and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were noted in both OW and O groups (p < 0.05), compared to NW. Elevated triglyceride (TG) values and TG : HDL-C ratio were observed in OW (p < 0.05) and O (p < 0.01). High values of uric acid were noted in OW and O adolescents (p < 0.01). Compared to NW, there was no significant difference in IL-1ß whereas IL-6 was elevated in T (p < 0.05), OW (p < 0.01) and O (p < 0.001). Leptin, TNF-α, and CRP concentrations were significantly increased (p < 0.001), whereas adiponectin values were decreased in both OW and O groups (p < 0.01), compared to NW. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations were noted between WC, BP, dyslipidemia, inflammation markers, and BMI, indicating that both OW and O adolescents have a tendency to present metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Effect of sardine proteins on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major risk factor of CVD. The effects of purified sardine proteins (SP) were examined on glycaemia, insulin sensitivity and reverse cholesterol transport in T2D rats. Rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks, and injected with a low dose of streptozotocin, were used. The diabetic rats were divided into four groups, and they were fed casein (CAS) or SP combined with 30 or 5% lipids, for 4 weeks. HFD-induced hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia in rats fed HFD, regardless of the consumed protein. In contrast, these parameters lowered in rats fed SP combined with 5 or 30% lipids, and serum insulin values reduced in SP v. CAS. HFD significantly increased total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in the liver and serum, whereas these parameters decreased with SP, regardless of lipid intake. Faecal cholesterol excretion was higher with SP v. CAS, combined with 30 or 5% lipids. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and HDL3-phospholipids (PL) were higher in CAS-HF than in CAS, whereas HDL2-cholesteryl esters (CE) were lower. Otherwise, LCAT activity and HDL2-CE were higher in the SP group than in the CAS group, whereas HDL3-PL and HDL3-unesterified cholesterol were lower. Moreover, LCAT activity lowered in the SP-HF group than in the CAS-HF group, when HDL2-CE was higher. In conclusion, these results indicate the potential effects of SP to improve glycaemia, insulin sensitivity and reverse cholesterol transport, in T2D rats.

Lifestyle advice follow-up improve glycemic control, redox and inflammatory status in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: The dietary composition associated to physical activity could play a significant role in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing risk of diabetes and its complications. This study was designed to investigate whether glycemic control, redox and inflammatory status impairments in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), were improved after 90 (d90) and 180 (d180) days follow-up of nutritional advices. METHODS: Patients with T2D (n = 85) aged of 50 ± 8 years (Female/Male, 45/40), treated with oral antidiabetics (OAD) alone, with a body mass index (BMI) of 26 ± 2, were recruited. At the beginning of the study (d0), patients were instructed to follow-up nutritional advices adapted to T2D, and 30 to 45 min of walking per day. Assays were realized at d90 and d180 of follow-up. Data were compared by student 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined between biochemical parameters and nutritional advices follow-up. RESULTS: Reduced glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), glucose and total cholesterol (TC) were noted in patients with T2D, at d90 and d180 compared to d0. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxyde levels were lower at d90 and d180 than d0. Serum nitric oxide (NO) was decreased at d180 compared to d0 and d90. In erythrocytes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased by 7% at d180 vs d0. Moreover, activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enhanced (P < 0.05), whereas that of glutathione reductase (GRed) decreased (P < 0.001) at d90 vs d0. Resistin values were lower at d180 than d0 and d90 (P < 0.001). A progressive decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was observed at d90 and d180 vs d0. CONCLUSION: Nutritional advices associated to physical activity improve glycemic control, serum TC, redox and inflammatory status in T2D, in particular after 3 months of counseling. However, these results need to be supported with a longer dietary treatment and more rigorous control during the follow-up.

Inflammatory status in chronic renal failure: The role of homocysteinemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

AIM: To evaluate determinants of inflammatory markers in chronic renal failure patients according to the level of glomerular filtration rate. METHODS: One hundred fifty four patients (Age: 44 ± 06 years; male/female: 66/88) with chronic renal failure (CRF) were divided into 6 groups according to the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) classification. They included 28 primary stage renal failure patients (CRF 1), 28 moderate stage renal failure patients (CRF 2), 28 severe stage renal failure patients (CRF 3), 18 end-stage renal failure patients (CRF 4), 40 hemodialysis (HD) patients, and 12 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed by immunosorbent assay kit (ELISA) (Cayman Chemical's ACETM EIA kit). Immunoassay methods were used for total homocysteine (tHcy) (fluorescence polarization immunoanalysis HPLC, PerkinEmer 200 series), transferrin (MININEPHTM human transferin kit: ZK070.R), ferritin (ADVIA Centaur) and fibrinogen analysis (ACL 200). Differences between groups were performed using SPSS 20.0 and data are expressed as the mean ± SD. RESULTS: Results showed that in comparison with CRF 1 group and other groups, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were respectively more elevated in HD (16.38 ± 5.52 pg/mL vs 0.39 ± 0.03 pg/mL, 11.05 ± 3.59 pg/mL vs 8.20 ± 0.22 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and PD (14.04 ± 3.40 pg/mL vs 0.39 ± 0.03 pg/mL, 10.15 ± 1.66 pg/mL vs 8.20 ± 0.22 pg/mL, P < 0.001). IL-1ß levels were increased in HD (9.63 ± 3.50 pg/mL vs 3.24 ± 0.10 pg/mL, P < 0.001) and CRF 4 (7.76 ± 0.66 pg/mL vs 3.24 ± 0.10 pg/mL, P < 0.001) patients than in CRF 1 and in the other groups. Plasma tHcy levels were higher in HD (32.27 ± 12.08 µmol/L) and PD (28.37 ± 4.98 µmol/L) patients compared to the other groups of CRF (P < 0.001). The serum CRP level was significantly increased in HD (18.17 ± 6.38 mg/L) and PD (17.97 ± 4.85 mg/L) patients compared to the other groups of CRF patients (P < 0.001). The plasma fibrinogen level was more elevated in HD (6.86 ± 1.06 g/L) and CRF 4 (6.05 ± 0.57 g/L) than in the other groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore; the ferritin level was higher in HD (169.90 ± 62.16 ng/mL) and PD (90.08 ± 22.09 ng/mL) patients compared to the other groups of CRF (P < 0.001). The serum transferrin value was significantly decreased especially in PD (1.78 ± 0.21 g/L) compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). We found a negative correlation between glomerular filtration rate (GFR), TNF-α levels (r = -0.75, P < 0.001), and tHcy levels (r = -0.68, P < 0.001). We observed a positive correlation between GFR and transferrin levels (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: CRF was associated with elevated inflammatory markers. The inflammation was observed at the severe stage of CRF and increases with progression of renal failure.

Nutritional quality of legumes, and their role in cardiometabolic risk prevention: a review.

Legumes (including alfalfa, clover, lupins, green beans and peas, peanuts, soybeans, dry beans, broad beans, dry peas, chickpeas, and lentils) represent an important component of the human diet in several areas of the world, especially in the developing countries, where they complement the lack of proteins from cereals, roots, and tubers. In some regions of the world, legume seeds are the only protein supply in the diet. The health benefits of legume consumption have received rising interest from researchers, and their consumption and production extends worldwide. Among European countries, higher legume consumption is observed around the Mediterranean, with per capita daily consumption between 8 and 23 g, while in Northern Europe, the daily consumption is less than 5 g per capita. The physiological effects of different legumes vary significantly. These differences may result from the polysaccharides composition, in particular, the quantity and variety of dietary fibers and starch, protein make-up, and variability in phytochemical content. The majority of legumes contain phytochemicals: bioactive compounds, including enzyme inhibitors, phytohemagglutinins (lectins), phytoestrogens, oligosaccharides, saponins, and phenolic compounds, which play metabolic roles in humans who frequently consume these foods. Dietary intake of phytochemicals may provide health benefits, protecting against numerous diseases or disorders, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and inflammation. The synergistic or antagonistic effects of these phytochemical mixtures from food legumes, their interaction with other components of the diet, and the mechanism of their action have remained a challenge with regard to understanding the role of phytochemicals in health and diseases. Their mitigating effects and the mechanism of their action need to be further addressed if we are to understand the role of phytochemicals in health and diseases. This review provides an overview of the nutritional quality of legumes and their potential contribution in cardiometabolic risk prevention.

Effect of different stages of chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapies on oxidant-antioxidant balance in uremic patients.

Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the path physiology of cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we determined the effect of different stages of CKD and substitutive therapies on oxidative stress. One hundred sixty-seven patients (age: 44 ± 06 years; male/female: 76/91) with CKD were divided into 6 groups according to the National Kidney Foundation classification. Prooxidant status was assessed by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, and protein carbonyls. Antioxidant defence was performed by analysis of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, vitamin E, Iron, and bilirubin. TBARS and LPO were higher in HD patients compared to other groups (P < 0.001), while protein carbonyls were more increased in PD patients. The antioxidant enzymes were declined already at severe stage of CKD and they were declined notably in HD patients (P < 0.001). Similar observation was found for vitamin E, Fe, and bilirubin where we observed a significant decrease in the majority of study groups, especially in HD patients (P < 0.001). The evolution of CKD was associated with elevated OS. HD accentuates lipid, while PD aggravates protein oxidation. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was altered by impaired renal function and by both dialysis treatments.

Ajuga iva aqueous extract improves reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Ajuga iva aqueous extract on lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and amount and composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)(2) and (HDL)(3), in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats (n = 12) were divided into two groups. The diabetic control group (D) received a 20% casein diet and the diabetic treated group received the same diet supplemented with A. iva aqueous extract (0.5 g/100 g diet) (DAi), for 4 weeks. KEY FINDINGS: Total cholesterol and HDL(3) -C were respectively decreased by 32% and 55% in the DAi group compared with the D group, whereas HDL(2)-C was increased by 30%. The amounts of HDL(2) and HDL(3), which were the sum of apolipoproteins, unesterified cholesterol (UC), cholesteryl esters (CEs), triacylglycerols (TGs) and phospholipids (PLs), showed no significant difference. A. iva treatment increased LCAT by 33% and its cofactor-activator, apolipoprotein A-I, by 58%. HDL(3)-PL (enzyme substrate) and HDL(3)-UC (acyl group acceptor) were respectively decreased by 70% and 57%, whereas HDL(2)-CE (product of LCAT reaction) was enhanced by 30%. CONCLUSIONS: In STZ-induced diabetic rats, A. iva improves reverse cholesterol transport by enhancing LCAT activity, leading to anti-atherogenic effects.

Hemodialysis duration impairs food intake and nutritional parameters in chronic kidney disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hemodialysis (HD) duration on food intake and nutritional markers in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Twenty CKD patients received maintenance HD over a 9-year period. At the beginning of the study (T0) and at 3-year intervals (T1, T2, and T3) during the 9-year follow-up, a nutritional survey using the 24-h recall and record method was repeated for 4 days, and the blood samples were drawn. The results from T0 were used as references. Nutritional status was assessed through food intake, nutritional markers (urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, and albumin), and anthropometric measurements (height, dry weight, and body mass index). RESULTS: HD duration was correlated with energy intake (r = -0.89, P < 0.01), protein intake (r = -0.50, P < 0.05), and body mass index (r = -0.50, P < 0.05). Albuminemia decreased over time. Reduced carbohydrate intakes were noted in patients at T1 (-8%), T2 (-38%), and T3 (-59%) with decreased fiber intakes. Lipid intake was diminished by 11, 17, and 25% in patients, respectively, at T1, T2, and T3. The consumption of milk and dairy products, meats, fish, eggs, fruits, vegetables, and fat was reduced at T1, T2, and T3. In conclusion, long-term HD fails to correct undernutrition caused by CKD. Long-term dialysis complications could be reduced with preventive measures, including the use of biocompatible membranes and high-dose dialysis. Consequently, patients could experience a decreased prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition.

Globularia alypum aqueous extract decreases hypertriglyceridemia and ameliorates oxidative status of the muscle, kidney, and heart in rats fed a high-fructose diet.

Fructose is widely used as a food ingredient and has potential to increase oxidative stress. Moreover, the beneficial health effects of plant polyphenols are frequently attributed to their potent antioxidant effects. We hypothesized that administration of Globularia alypum (Ga) aqueous extract would reduce metabolic disorders and oxidative stress induced in rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male Wistar rats (n = 24) weighing 242 ± 13 g were divided into 4 groups and fed, during 14 week, diets containing 20% casein and 61% cornstarch (control diet, or C) or fructose (F), and Ga supplementation (0.5%; CGa and FGa). Compared with control group, rats fed a high-fructose diet increased plasma triglycerides (TG; +48%) and very low-density lipoprotein-TG (+45%) levels. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were increased in the liver (+31%), heart (+55%), and muscle (+58%). Moreover, activities of superoxide dismutase in the liver and heart, catalase in liver and glutathione peroxidase in the heart were diminished. In the FGa group, a hypertriglyceridemic effect was observed concomitantly with a low level of TG in very low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein 2, compared with the F group. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations were reduced in the kidney (-42%)and muscle (-76%), and antioxidant enzymes activity was increased for superoxide dismutase in the muscle (+81%) and heart (+28%), and for glutathione peroxidase, in the kidney (+70%) and heart (+30%). In conclusion, the Ga extract has a beneficial effect on plasma TG and gives a promising perspective for hypertriglyceridemia treatment. Moreover, in the muscle and kidney, Ga is effective by lowering lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant enzymes.

Effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on redox status in chronic renal failure patients: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) and periotoneal dialysis (PD) on oxidative stress in chronic renal failure patients (CRF). METHODS: 20 HD patients (M/F: 8/12, 36 ± 12 years) and 20 PD patients (M/F: 10/10, 40 ± 8 years) were compared with 20 end stage renal failure patients (CRF) (M/F: 4/16, 61 ± 13 years). RESULTS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were elevated in HD and decreased in PD compared to CRF (P < 0.05). TBARS-VLDL and TBARS-HDL2 were decreased in HD and PD, compared to CRF (p < 0.05). TBARS-LDL were higher in HD compared to CRF (p < 0.05). No significant difference in TBARS-HDL3 values between the three groups. Carbonyls were increased in HD (p < 0.05) and PD (p < 0.01) compared to CRF. Plasma superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was decreased in HD compared to CRF and PD (P < 0.05). Glutathion peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) was decreased in HD and PD (P < 0.005), compared to CRF. Decrease in catalase activity was noted only in PD compared to CRF (P < 0.05). An increase in nitric oxide was noted in HD compared to CRF (p < 0.05). Albumin concentrations were higher in HD and PD compared to CRF (P < 0.001). Whereas uric acid concentrations were decreased in HD (P < 0.001) compared to CRF and PD. Bilirubin values were similar in all groups. Increased values of iron were noted in HD and PD, compared to PD (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: HD and PD aggravate oxidative stress generated by uremia. HD accentuates lipid and protein peroxidation, while PD aggravates protein oxidation. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was altered by both dialysis treatments.

Iridoid extracts from Ajuga iva increase the antioxidant enzyme activities in red blood cells of rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet.

The lyophilized aqueous extract of Ajuga iva (Ai) is able to reduce oxidative stress, which may prevent lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolemic rats. Iridoids (I) were isolated from Ai. We hypothesized that the antioxidant defense status in red blood cells (RBC) and tissues in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet and treated with Ai may be correlated to these compounds. Male Wistar rats (n = 32) weighing 120 +/- 5 g were fed a diet containing 1% cholesterol for 15 days. After this phase, hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats were divided into groups, fed the same diet, and received either the same or different doses (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection) of I for 15 days. Compared with the HC group, total cholesterol value was 1.4- and 1.2-fold lower in the I(5)-HC and I(10)-HC groups. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content was 2.3-, 2.9-, and 3-fold lower in the I(5)-HC, I(10)-HC, and I(15)-HC groups compared with the HC group. In RBC, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly higher in the I(5)-HC, I(10)-HC, and I(15)-HC groups than the HC group. Liver, heart, and muscle glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly higher in the groups treated with I than the HC group. Muscle glutathione reductase activity was increased 1.4-fold in the I(5)-HC, 1.5-fold in the I(10)-HC, and 1.5-fold in the I(15)-HC group. In HC rats, different doses of I increase the antioxidant enzyme activities in RBC and act differently in tissues. Treatment with I may play an important role in suppressing oxidative stress caused by dietary cholesterol and, thus, may be useful for the prevention and/or early treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid supplementation on redox status in chronic renal failure patients with dyslipidemia.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid (PUFA) supplementation on dyslipidemia, lipid and protein peroxidation, and antioxidant defense in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). DESIGN: Eighty patients with CRF were diagnosed in the hospital of Oran between January 2008 and April 2008. Forty patients (male/female, 22/18; aged 61 +/- 14 years, S.D.) were available for the study. They presented with dyslipidemia and hypertriglyceridemia (triacylglycerols, >1.7 mmol/L) and/or hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol, >5 mmol/L). INTERVENTION: All patients received nutritional counsel adapted to CRF, i.e., energy intake of .12 megajoule x kg(-1) x body weight x day(-1), protein intake of .8 g x kg(-1) x body weight x day(-1), and lipid intake of 35% of total energy intake with 28% PUFAs, 37% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 35% saturated fatty acids. Patients were randomized into two groups: 20 received supplementation with omega-3 fish oil (2.1 g . day(-1)) for 90 days, and 20 were used as controls. To control the counsel monitoring, a nutritional survey was performed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning (T0), at 30 days (T1), at 60 days (T2), and at 90 days (T3) after initiating treatment. RESULTS: In the omega-3 group, a reduction in triacylglycerol levels was evident at T1 (-43%), T2, and T3 (-48%). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were at lower levels at T1 and T3. There was no significant difference in carbonyl values, whereas serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were increased at T1, T2, and T3. High catalase activity was evident at T2 and T3. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 supplementation improves hypertriglyceridemia and oxidative stress in patients with CRF, and may lead to decreased rates of cardiovascular complications.

Mediterranean diet improves dyslipidemia and biomarkers in chronic renal failure patients.

Dyslipidemia, oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional advice on dyslipidemia and biomarkers in CRF patients. 40 CRF patients with dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and/or hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to either the control or the intervention group. The intervention group received nutritional advice adapted to a Mediterranean diet (MD). Patients were assessed at baseline (T0) and after 30 (T1), 60 (T2) and 90 (T3) days for dietary intake and biomarkers. In the intervention group compared to the control group, TG concentrations were decreased by 26% at T3 (p < 0.05), TC concentrations were diminished by 14% at T2 and by 35% at T3 (p < 0.05). A decrease in LDL-C was noted at T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The TC/HDL-C ratio was diminished at T1, T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The apo A-I/apo B ratio was elevated at T3 (p < 0.05). HDL-C, apo A-I, apo B concentrations and the TC/LDL-C ratio were similar in the both groups at T1, T2 and T3. Creatinine, urea, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urate, iron and bilirubin values remained unchanged in both groups. Haemoglobin concentrations were elevated at T1 (p < 0.05). Increased albumin values were observed at T2 (p < 0.05). CRP concentrations were decreased by 29% at T1 (p < 0.05) and 40% (p < 0.01) at T3. Fibrinogen (p < 0.01) concentrations were decreased at T3. In the intervention group compared to control group (p < 0.01), TBARS values were decreased by 16% at T2 and 21% at T3 (p < 0.05). In this study, we demonstrate that the nutritional management of CRF patients before dialysis based on the MD improves food consumption, reduces dyslipidemia and protects against lipid peroxidation and inflammation, allowing patients to enter dialysis with an acceptable nutritional and cardiovascular state.

Long term hemodialysis aggravates lipolytic activity reduction and very low density, low density lipoproteins composition in chronic renal failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia, particularly hypertriglyceridemia is common in uremia, and represents an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. METHODS: To investigate the effects of hemodialysis (HD) duration on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) compositions and lipopolytic activities, 20 patients on 5 to 7 years hemodialysis were followed-up during 9 years. Blood samples were drawn at T0 (beginning of the study), T1 (3 years after initiating study), T2 (6 years after initiating study) and T3 (9 years after initiating study). T0 was taken as reference. RESULTS: Triacylglycerols (TG) values were correlated with HD duration (r = 0.70, P < 0.05). An increase of total cholesterol was noted at T2 and T3. Lowered activity was observed for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (-44%) at T3 and hepatic lipase (HL) (-29%) at T1, (-64%) at T2 and (-73%) at T3. Inverse relationships were found between HD duration and LPL activity (r = -0.63, P < 0.05), and HL activity (r = -0.71, P < 0.01). At T1, T2 and T3, high VLDL-amounts and VLDL-TG and decreased VLDL-phospholipids values were noted. Increased LDL-cholesteryl esters values were noted at T1 and T2 and in LDL-unesterified cholesterol at T2 and T3. CONCLUSION: Despite hemodialysis duration, VLDL-LDL metabolism alterations are aggravated submitting patients to a greater risk of atherosclerosis.

Purified chickpea or lentil proteins impair VLDL metabolism and lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat, but not in muscle, compared to casein, in growing rats.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the legume proteins have a lowering effect on plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (TG) concentrations compared to animal proteins. The protein itself, as well as non-protein constituents, naturally present in legumes may be implicated. AIM OF THE STUDY: The effects of various dietary purified legumes proteins compared to casein, were determined on plasma TG level, VLDL concentration and composition. Moreover, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in epididymal fat, gastrocnemius and heart was investigated to evaluate in these tissues their capacity to release free fatty acids from their TG substrate and the liver capacity to stock the TG. METHODS: Weaning male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum one of the following diets: 200 g/kg diet of purified proteins of lentil (L), or chickpea (CP) or casein (CAS). At day 28, VLDL were isolated from plasma sample by a single ultracentrifugation flotation. Hepatic lipase and LPL activity in epididymal fat, gastrocnemius and heart were measured by using glycerol tri [9-10(n)-(3)H] oleate emulsion as substrate. RESULTS: Compared with CAS diet, the CP and L protein diets exhibited similar cholesterolemia, but lower triglyceridemia (1.9-fold and 2.5-fold) and VLDL particle number, as measured by their reduced contents of TG and apolipoproteins. CP and L protein diets reduced liver TG and cholesterol by 31 and 45%, respectively compared to CAS diet. Furthermore, LPL activity in adipose tissue of rats fed CP or L was 1.6-fold lower than that of rats fed CAS. There was no significant difference in heart and gastrocnemius LPL activities with the three proteins. In contrast, hepatic lipase activity was higher in rats fed CP and L diets. CONCLUSION: The low food efficiency ratio of purified CP and L proteins related to CAS is associated with decreased plasma VLDL and adipose tissue LPL activity. The low liver TG concomitant with reduced TG and apolipoproteins contents of VLDL confirm that hypotriglyceridemia is essentially due to impaired synthesis, exportation and transport of TG by VLDL which prevent lipid storage in adipose tissue.

Fish protein improves the total antioxidant status of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in spontaneously hypertensive rat.

BACKGROUND: We measured the effects of fish protein (FP) on blood pressure, glycemia and antioxidant status in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ). MATERIAL/METHODS: Two groups of 12 rats each were fed 20% casein (C) or FP for 2 months. The total antioxidant status of blood and organs (liver, kidney and heart) was measured by the KRL test. Antioxidant enzyme activities (G-Px, G-Red, and SOD) and antioxidant substances (GSH, NO) were determined in organs, and vitamin C in plasma. RESULTS: FP lowered blood pressure in SH rats, but not in SH-STZ. Blood and plasma antioxidant status increased 35% and 9%, respectively, with FP in SH-STZ compared to SH rats; when compared to C, these values were more enhanced. SOD activity values were elevated with FP in SH-STZ rats, compared to the C diet, regardless of organ. Higher kidney NO and heart GSH values were noted in SH-STZ rats than SH. In SH rats fed FP, the GSH value was 2.26 times higher in liver, and NO was 3 times higher in heart. Higher NO was noted in kidney (1.84 times) and heart (1.91 times), GSH in heart (1.79 times), and vitamin C in plasma (+46%) in SH-STZ rats with FP than with C. CONCLUSIONS: Fish protein has a beneficial effect on blood pressure in SH rats but not in SH-STZ, and plays an important role in antioxidative defense. This protein may be useful in future treatments of such diseases as diabetes and hypertension.

Effect of long-term hemodialysis on plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity and the amounts and compositions of HDL2 and HDL3 in hemodialysis-treated patients with chronic renal failure: a 9-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis was correlated with hemodialysis duration (HD) in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients. Dyslipidemias were identified as atherogenic risk factors. MATERIAL/METHODS: To investigate variations in HDL2 and HDL3 composition and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity as functions of HD, 20 CRF patients were selected for maintenance hemodialysis during the 9 years from April 1, 1991 to March 31, 2000. Blood samples were drawn four times: 1991 (T0, study begin), 1994 (T1), 1997 (T2), and 2000 (T3). T0 results were taken as references. RESULTS: Triacylglycerol concentrations were 1.12-fold higher at T1 (P<0.01), 1.31-fold at T2, and 1.63-fold at T3 (P<0.001). Increases of 14% and 33% of total cholesterol were noted at T2 (P<0.05) and T3 (P<0.001). Hypertriglyceridemia correlated with HD (r=0.70, P<0.05). LCAT activity decreased by 27%, 39%, and 51% at times T1, T2, and T3, respectively, this activity being negligible in 30% of patients at T2 and 40% at T3. An inverse relationship was noted between LCAT activity and HD (r=-0.80, P<0.001). Increases in HDL2-unesterified cholesterol (UC) and HDL3-UC were obtained at T2 and T3 (P<0.05), and high HDL2-triacylglycerols (TG) and HDL3-TG were noted at T1, T2, and T3 (P<0.001). HDL3-phospholipids (PL) values were diminished by 9% at T1 (P<0.05), 17% at T2, and 19% at T3 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term hemodialysis aggravates lipid anomalies following CRF. Alterations in HDL composition contribute to the reduced efficacy of reverse cholesterol transport and patients are submitted to a greater risk for atherosclerosis.

Plasma lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase activities, VLDL, LDL compositions at different times of hemodialysis.

The effects of hemodialysis duration (HD) on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) amounts and compositions were investigated in 58 patients, divided according to HD: GI: under 1 year, GII: 1-5 years, GIII: 5-13 years. HL and LPL activities were reduced in GIII versus GI (P<0.01) and 47% of GIII patients had negligible HL activity. LPL and HL activities were correlated with HD (r=-0.80, P<0.001). Apo C-III concentrations were correlated with HD (r=0.58, P<0.05). Compared with controls, triacylglycerols (TG) were increased in GI, GII (P<0.01) and GIII (P<0.001), and were correlated with HD (r=0.75, P<0.05). VLDL amounts and VLDL-cholesteryl esters (CE) were enhanced in GIII versus GI and GII (P<0.05). VLDL-TG and VLDL-phospholipids (PL) were correlated with HD (r=0.60, P<0.05). LDL-apolipoproteins and unesterified cholesterol (UC) were increased in GII versus GI (P<0.05) and in GIII versus GII and GI (P<0.01). LDL-PLs were decreased in GIII versus GI (P<0.05). Compared with controls, LDL-TGs were higher in GI and GII (P<0.01) and in GIII (P<0.05). Long-term treatment with acetate hemodialysis using cuprophane membrane does not improve lipolytic activity decrease and lipoprotein alterations generated by chronic renal failure (CRF).

Changes in serum lipids and antioxidant status in west Algerian patients with essential hypertension treated with acebutolol compared to healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major health problem in both developed and developing countries. It is hypothesized that high blood pressure is associated with loss of balance between peroxidation and antioxidant factors. MATERIAL/METHODS: 40 patients with essential hypertension were studied to ascertain the effects of a selective b1-blocker (acebutolol, 400 mg/day) on serum lipids, antioxidant status, antioxidant enzyme activity in red blood cells (RBC), and membrane fatty acids composition. Each subject was screened by physical examination, ECG, echocardiography, and laboratory tests. The period of observation was 24 weeks, and the data were tested by 2-way ANOVA followed by Bartlett's least significant difference test. RESULTS: At 12 weeks, serum triacylglycerol was more elevated (+26%). At 24 weeks, apolipoprotein A-1 levels remained more elevated (+41%) in hypertensive subjects compared to controls. In hypertensive patients, total antioxidant status and total plasma antioxidant capability were lower at 12 weeks than controls, and increased after 24 weeks of treatment. At 12 weeks, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in erythrocytes remained lower in hypertensive subjects compared to controls (-32%, -40% and -24%, respectively). At 24 weeks, these values were increased compared to those obtained at 12 weeks (+26%, +36% and +37%, respectively). At 12 and 24-weeks, total n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were decreased by 26%, 18% and 29%, 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the beneficial influence of a beta1-blocker (acebutolol) at 24 weeks by its action on serum lipids, antioxidant status and RBC antioxidant enzyme activities.