Prise en charge des paralysies faciales compliquant un traumatisme de l'os temporal

Introduction : Les paralysies faciales peripheriques (PFP) compliquant les traumatismes de l'os temporal sont devenues de plus en plus frequentes; du fait de developpement de 'activite humaine. Le but de ce travail est de rapporter nos resultats en matiere de prise en charge de ces PFP; et a travers une revue de la litterature; de preciser les caracteristiques cliniques; paracliniques et de proposer une conduite a tenir adequate devant cette pathologie. Materiel et methodes : Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective a propos de 16 patients; pris en charge dans notre service sur une periode de 12 ans (2001-2012). Tous les patients ont beneficie d'un interrogatoire; d'un examen ORL complet. Une tomodensitometrie des rochers a ete realisee dans tous les cas. Les explorations du nerf facial ont ete basees surtout sur l'EMG de detection. Le traitement a ete medical ou medico-chirurgical. Le suivi a ete clinique avec un recul moyen de 26 mois. Resultats : Il s'agissait de 14 hommes et de 2 femmes. L'age moyen etait de 27 ans (6-73 ans). La PF etait d'installation immediate apres le traumatisme chez 10 patients et tardive dans 6 cas. La TDM des rochers a montre une fracture extra-labyrinthique dans 7 cas (43;7); trans-labyrinthique dans 5 cas (31;2) et mixte dans 4 cas (25). L'atteinte du canal facial a ete notee chez 12 patients. L'EMG de detection a ete pratiquee dans 4 cas. Tous nos patients ont beneficie d'un traitement medical; consistant en une corticotherapie par voie generale; des vasodilatateurs et une reeducation motrice. Sept patients ont beneficie d'une decompression du nerf facial. L'indication a ete retenue devant l'installation d'une PF immediate et complete. En per-operatoire; nous avons decouvert un trait de fracture du canal facial dans 5 cas; mais la continuite du nerf etait conservee dans tous les cas. Nous avons realise une decompression de la 2e portion; du coude et de la 3e portion. La decompression etait etendue au ganglion genicule dans 2 cas. Sur les 7 patients operes; 4 ont ete ameliores. Un des 3 patients non ameliores a garde un grade V et a beneficie d'une anastomose VII-XII. Pour les 9 patients non operees; une amelioration a ete notee dans 5 cas. Au total; le pourcentage d'amelioration de la PF etait de 55;5 apres traitement medical et de 71;4 apres traitement medico-chirurgical. Conclusion : Les paralysies faciales constituent une complication assez frequente des traumatismes de l'os temporal. L'imagerie est indispensable pour le diagnostic topographique des lesions. La conduite a tenir therapeutique depend aussi bien de la severite et du delai de l'installation de la paralysie que des donnees electrophysiologiques et evolutives

[Bronchoscopy for foreign body inhalation in the pediatric population: lessons learned from 223 cases]. / Bronchoscopie pour inhalation de corps étrangers chez l'enfant : à propos de 223cas.

INTRODUCTION: Inhalation of foreign body in children is a serious accident that may compromise the vital prognosis of the child. The diagnostic was difficult in the absence of a recognizable penetration syndrome. Bronchoscopy is still recommended as the appropriate diagnostic and treatment of foreign bodies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the diagnostic and the treatment result of bronchoscopy and discuss its indications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] A retrospective study analyzing data related to 223 children undergoing bronchoscopy due to suspicion of foreign body aspiration over a period of 10 years (2000-2009). The average age of the children was 29 months (range: one month-13 years). Approximately, two thirds of these patients were boys. The penetration syndrome was reported in 79.8% of cases. RESULTS: During bronchoscopy, the foreign body was confirmed only in 57.4%. Foreign bodies were found in the bronchus in 79.7% of cases. Among the foreign bodies, 78.1% were of vegetal origin. The average time of stay of the foreign body was of 16.1 days. Penetration syndrome and abnormal physical exam were the most sensitive parameters (79.7% and 82.8%, respectively) but with low specificity (24.2% and 35.8%, respectively). The combination of clinical and radiological signs suggestive of foreign body was the most specific sign (74.7%). Similarly, we found a statistically significant correlation between positive bronchoscopy and simultaneous suggestive clinical and radiological signs (P=0.03). The multivariate study showed that predictors factors of positivity of the bronchoscopy were: abnormal physical exam (P=0.016), abnormal radiological exam (P=0.003) and type of indication (P=0.005). DISCUSSION: The diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchial foreign body recures an array of arguments. It is suspected on the clinical interview specially penetration syndrome and on the clinical and radiological presentation. Any suspicion should lead to a bronchoscopy.

Primary sinonasal meningioma.

INTRODUCTION: Primary meningiomas of the sinonasal tract are rare tumors. Their positive diagnosis is difficult to establish. From one case observation, we report the clinical features, the diagnosis difficulties and the therapeutic modalities of primary meningioma of the sinonasal tract. CASE REPORT: A seventeen-year-old girl consulted for a left unilateral nasal obstruction with progressive evolution without episodes of epistaxis, smell disorder or headaches over a year. Physical examination revealed a grayish polypoid tumor in the left nasal fossa. CT scan evidenced an isodense lesion of the left nasal fossa slightly enhanced pushing back the lateral nasal wall without invasion or intracranial connection. Biopsy was in favour of an inverted papilloma. The tumor was resected via endoscopic approach. Pathological examination established the diagnosis of meningothelial menigioma. The prognosis was favourable without recurrence after a six-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: The positive diagnosis of primary sinonasal meningioma is difficult to establish because of their infrequent occurrence in this ectopic site and of their non-specific clinical appearance. The final diagnosis rests on the histological examination. Immunohistochemical studies are helpful to establish the accurate diagnosis. Imaging confirms the primitive nature of these tumors. Prognosis is excellent after complete surgical extirpation without the necessity of adjuvant therapy.

[Para-pharyngeal tumors, contribution of imaging]. / Tumeurs parapharyngées, apport de l'imagerie.

OBJECTIVES: Para-pharyngeal tumors are located deeply. Imaging is mandatory for their management. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the contribution of imaging for their diagnosis and treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Imaging was performed for 20 cases of primary para-pharyngeal tumors between 1986 and 2008. We compared the imaging to the anatomic and histological features of these tumors. RESULTS: Computed tomography and MRI confirmed the para-pharyngeal location of tumors. Tumors were located in the prestyloid compartment in eight cases, in the retrostyloid compartment in five cases, and in the retropharyngeal compartment in one case. Six tumors had filled all the para-pharyngeal space. Salivary gland tumors had filled the prestyloid space in two cases, and in two other malignant cases all para-pharyngeal space were invaded. MRI failed to differentiate the nature of tumor and its malignancy except when there was obvious bone erosion. The treatment was mainly surgical. The mean follow-up was 5 years 6 months. DISCUSSION: Imaging contributes to the etiological diagnosis and assesses tumor extension, thus helping to choose the surgical approach. MRI is the most contributive examination; its resolution is more adapted to the diagnosis of deep tumors. CT scan is contributive when studying the bone structure.

Internal jugular vein thrombosis by protein C activated resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Jugular vein thrombosis is mainly due to infectious, neoplastic and iatrogenic causes. Activated protein C (APC) resistance is an exceptional cause of jugular vein thrombosis. CASE REPORT: A 40-year-old woman consulted for left lateral neck swelling present for two weeks. Neck ultrasound revealed left internal jugular vein thrombosis, which was confirmed by contrast CT. The rest of the examination, including routine clotting assessment and inflammatory work-up, was normal. Further investigations demonstrated APC resistance with Factor V Leiden mutation. Treatment consisted of oral anticoagulants with a good outcome. DISCUSSION: APC resistance is a recently identified and relatively frequent cause of thrombophilia, mostly due to Factor V Leiden mutation. APC resistance is responsible for 20% to 50% of all thrombotic events. The laboratory diagnosis is based on two tests: a phenotypic test based on APTT with and without APC and a genotypic test based on detection of a Factor V Leiden mutation. CONCLUSION: Screening for APC resistance and Factor V Leiden mutation is now part of the aetiological work-up of thromboses, particularly in subjects younger than 50. Treatment is based on oral anticoagulants.

Occult lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: therapeutic and prognostic impact.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the incidence and impact on treatment and prognosis of occult lymph node metastasis in laryngeal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on 164 patients treated for laryngeal cancer, initially classified as N0, with cervical lymph node dissection. RESULTS: Occult metastases were found in 41 neck specimens (12.5%) from 32 patients (19.5%). Involvement per neck level was: 7% level IIa, 2.4% IIb, 4.2% III and 2.7% IV. Lymph node involvement was significantly increased in case of T3T4 tumor or invasion of the pre-epiglottic space or cartilage. Survival was significantly influenced by pN status (pN- = 12 years, vs pN+ = 9 years; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Level IIb or IV involvement is rare. Superselective neck dissection (IIa, III) seems to be indicated in T1T2 N0 tumor. In case of advanced tumor or pre-epiglottic space or cartilage invasion, functional neck dissection is mandatory.