ABSTRACT
Sonometry studies the changes of sound intensities induced by the eustachian tube opening in the external meatus when a constant sound is applied in the nasal cavity. The function of the eustachian tube is not disturbed by the test procedure. An original portable device with a high signal-to-noise ratio has been developed in our lab. This device was able to detect a 6-dB sound pressure level (SPL) signal in a 100-dB SPL noise. Long-duration recordings of auditory tubal openings could be performed. This work presents the data found in normal subjects. One hundred twenty healthy ears were recorded. Eustachian tube openings were detected in 62.5% of the cases. Of the 1777 openings recorded, the average opening duration was 430 ms +/- 183 ms. The average number of eustachian tube openings was 21.7+/-16.4 (for 15 minutes). All swallowing did not necessary open the eustachian tube. This work shows that this new device allows long-duration recording of eustachian tube function in everyday life conditions.
Subject(s)
Eustachian Tube/physiology , Acoustic Stimulation/instrumentation , Acoustics/instrumentation , Adult , Equipment Design , Female , Humans , Male , Signal Processing, Computer-AssistedABSTRACT
56 patients with Bell's palsy were tested with electroneuronography (ENoG and Blink reflex (BR) within the 5th and 15th day of onset of facial paralysis. The recovery at the end of evolution was evaluated with the study of facial function. This retrospective study showed that ENoG is able to predict with a very low risk of error a good prognosis when more than 10 percent (strictly, of fibers (non degenerated and blocked) are active. On the other hand only persistence or early recovery of BR can assure a good prognosis whereas the absence do not permit to conclude.
Subject(s)
Facial Paralysis/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Blinking/physiology , Child , Electrophysiology , Facial Nerve/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nerve Fibers/physiology , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Trigeminal Nerve/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Only L- and N-type high voltage-activated calcium currents (HVA ICa) have been demonstrated in identified embryonic spinal motoneurons. However, pharmacological experiments suggest that other HVA ICa, including P-type, govern neurotransmitter release at the adult neuromuscular junction. We sought to analyse if embryonic motoneurons express these other ICa, using the whole-cell voltage-clamp method on motoneurons purified by a new metrizamide-panning technique from E15 rat embryos. In addition to L-type dihydropyridine-sensitive and N-type omega-GVIA-sensitive currents, motoneurons express two other HVA ICa. One has properties related to the P-type channel currents described in Purkinje cells: it is inhibited by the peptide omega-agatoxin-IVA with a maximal effect at 100-200 nM. The inhibited current has a characteristic sustained component during depolarizing test pulses. Furthermore, 50-100 nM concentrations of omega-agatoxin-IVA reduce the increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration observed after depolarization. The other HVA ICa is resistant to saturating concentrations of verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin-IVA which block L, N and P-type HVA ICa, respectively. These results suggest that it is now possible to dissect, using a simple method of purification, the properties of the ICa in embryonic mammalian motoneurons and to provide pharmacological evidence for multiple calcium channels which may be involved in regulation of their activity during development.
