Pyelonephritis in Dogs: Retrospective Study of 47 Histologically Diagnosed Cases (2005-2015).

BACKGROUND: The clinicopathologic aspects of pyelonephritis have not been reported in companion animals. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of pyelonephritis diagnosed in dogs in a academic referral population, describe the clinical signs and the diagnostic test results in dogs with pyelonephritis, and identify concurrent disorders in order to determine potential risk factors for pyelonephritis. ANIMALS: Forty-seven dogs with a histopathologic diagnosis of pyelonephritis from the teaching hospitals of three Canadian veterinary colleges. METHODS: Retrospective case series. Review of medical records and renal histologic sections. RESULTS: Pyelonephritis was diagnosed in 0.4-1.3% of the cases at necropsy. Clinical signs included anorexia or inappetence (n = 27, 57%), lethargy (n = 24, 51%), vomiting (n = 17, 36%), and dehydration (n = 12, 25%). Thirty-five dogs (75%) had concomitant disease(s). Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated (37%). Pyelonephritis was classified as acute (n = 12, 26%), subacute (n = 9, 19%), and chronic (n = 26, 55%) disease; and mild (n = 7, 15%), moderate (n = 11, 24%), and severe (n = 28, 61%). Fever was significantly associated with histopathologically subacute pyelonephritis (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In referral hospitals, pyelonephritis has a very low prevalence at necropsy. Nonspecific clinical presentation, concomitant diseases, and high variability in the diagnostic tests results make the antemortem diagnosis of pyelonephritis challenging. Neither the histopathologic stage nor the severity of the pyelonephritis was associated with fever, lumbar pain, or signs of a urinary tract infection (ie, lower urinary tract infection, upper urinary tract infection, or both) except for subacute pyelonephritis which was associated with fever.

New and old NMR experiments for the resonance assignment of complex oligosaccharides--application to a cyclodextrin derivative.

The complete assignment of the (1)H and (13)C sugar resonances in mono-3,6-anhydro-heptakis(2,3-O-methyl)-hexakis(6-O-methyl)-ß-cyclodextrin, an asymmetrically functionalized ß-cyclodextrin, was carried out by means of 2D NMR experiments. The TOCSY and the homonuclear multiple relay COSY spectra provided most of the (1)H assignments. The multiplicity edited HSQC and a set of F(1) selective HSQC-TOCSY and multiple relay HSQC-COSY spectra gave access to most of the (13)C chemical shifts. The latter were fully and accurately determined by means of a pair of complementary, highly folded HSQC-TOCSY spectra. The TOCSY-ROESY and ROESY-TOCSY spectra yielded the sequential assignment of the sugar units. A high resolution F(1) selective F(1) decoupled version of the TOCSY-ROESY experiment was recorded.

An alternative scheme for the multiplexed acquisition of 1D and 2D NMR spectra.

Spin system selective 1D (1)H, 2D DQF-COSY and 2D HSQC NMR spectra were recorded in order to fully assign the (1)H and (13)C 1D NMR spectra of an asymmetrical beta-cyclodextrin derivative. Instead of individually accessing the seven sugar anomeric protons by means of long multiplet selective pulses, only short region selective pulses were used. The simultaneously selected anomeric protons were differentiated by allowing their magnetization to evolve under the sole effect of the chemical shift interaction. In each experiment, the seven recorded spectra were linear combinations of the seven desired ones. The combination coefficients were measured and used to obtain almost perfectly separated sugar unit sub-spectra. This multiplexed acquisition scheme resulted in a time gain factor of about 2.

(L)- or (D)-valine tert-butylamide grafted on permethylated beta-cyclodextrin derivatives as new mixed binary chiral selectors: versatile tools for capillary gas chromatographic enantioseparation.

This work deals with the synthesis of two mixed binary chiral selectors prepared by grafting (L)- or (D)-valine tert-butylamide on permethylated cyclodextrin macrocycle. The enantioselective properties of the new chiral selectors diluted in OV11 polysiloxane (35% phenyl- and 65% methylsiloxane) were investigated by means of injections of 117 racemic mixtures. The mixed chiral selectors with (L)-valine and, to a lesser extent with (D)-valine, were found to have an improved enantioselectivity toward amino acid derivatives by comparison to permethylated cyclodextrin. The enantioseparation capability of these new chiral selectors has proven to be slightly less efficient than Chirasil-L-Val (Alltech) for amino acid derivatives, but it has been extended to include terpenes, lactones, esters, aliphatic compounds and aryl alcohols.

Bis(acylsilanes) and trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane: a useful system for the synthesis of cyclic 2,2-difluoro-3-trialkylsilyl-1,3-ketols and cyclic 2-fluoro-1,3-diketones(1).

We report a one-pot reaction of bis(acylsilanes) with trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TFMTMS) leading to a new family of 2,2-difluoro-3-trialkylsilylketols 4. These compounds were submitted to a facile and effective defluorosilylation. The overall process constitutes a new synthesis of cyclic six- and seven-membered 2-fluoro-1,3-diketones 8, with regiospecific introduction of fluorine. The keto-enol equilibrium of cyclic 1,3-diketones and the mechanism of the defluorosilylation reaction were also studied.

Localization of some neurotransmitters during developments in hydroidomedusae.

Neurotransmission in Cnidarians is known to occur mainly by peptidergic neuronal pathways; the role of cholinergic neurotransmission, that in other animals this involves both neurotransmission and developmental regulation, has never been shown with certainty. This histochemical-immunohistochemical study was performed, in different developmental stages of some hydroidomedusan species (characterized by different reproductive and developmental patterns) to investigate the presence and distribution of cholinesterase (ChE) activity, acetylcholine receptors, biogenic amines, and molecules immunologically related to secretory peptides (FMRF amide and VIP). The results showed that ChE (revealed by all the kinds of activities: AChE, PrChE, BuChE) is mainly present in developing or 'juvenile' structures. Biogenic amines are revealed by aldehyde-induced fluorescence at every stage studied, while peptide-like immunoreactivities are mainly present in differentiated structures. These findings support the hypothesis that all the chemical messengers here investigated arose very early in evolution, although, in some cases, with different functions. For most of the investigated species, similarities in the distribution pattern of markers generally reflect similarities in life cycle, rather than phylogenetic affinities.