[The role of the community and hospital pharmacist in public health prevention in France]. / Le rôle du pharmacien en officine et en pharmacie hospitalière dans la prévention en santé publique en France.

INTRODUCTION: As the healthcare system changes, the pharmacist's place does. In this context the health institutions are looking for improving prevention and so realize how well placed pharmacists were. For their competences as well as the trust patients are giving, they are serious actors in the implementation of prevention. METHODS: We sought to understand which place pharmacists take in prevention policies. Thus, we have proceeded with an analysis of bibliography of the past ten years about articles registered in Medline talking about pharmacist's places in French prevention. RESULTS: We have selected 47 articles classified according to San Marco's 3 levels of prevention: universal, oriented or targeted prevention. The pharmacist is involved in universal prevention, cancer screening or the proper use of antibiotics. In targeted prevention, they are specifically interested in the proper use of medicines and their correct prescription to patients. Finally, for targeted prevention, they offer patients therapeutic education adapted to their needs. CONCLUSIONS: We can highlight that pharmacists improve consequently the patient's quality of life. They also enhance connections between health care professionals. Thanks to pharmacists, patients can find easy access and reliable health advice and government, trustworthy support for prevention.

[The ethical approach of small humanitarian medical non-governmental organisations (NGOs) - the example of Biology Without Borders]. / L'approche éthique des petites organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) médicales humanitaires ­ l'exemple de Biologie Sans Frontières.

In France, more than 400 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) work in the field of health; they differ in their missions and means. Nevertheless, their actions question common ethical principles, which include respect for populations and political or financial non-interference. Biologie Sans Frontières has considered these ethical aspects and has formalised a charter on the principles it defends in its actions. The creation of an ethics committee with a single charter would be unifying for all NGOs; it would also be a guarantee of respectability for international bodies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO).

[Vaccination against COVID-19 in pharmacies in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Study conducted three months after the start of vaccination]. / Vaccination contre la COVID-19 dans les officines en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Étude menée trois mois après le début de la vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: The development of vaccines against SARS-Cov-2 has enabled the deployment of vaccination, particularly through dispensing pharmacists, who are already authorised to administer influenza vaccines in France. METHODS: We surveyed pharmacists in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region to assess the current status of SARS-Cov-19 vaccination in the region. A questionnaire was sent to them; the analysis was carried out jointly with the URPS-Pharmacists. RESULTS: 739 pharmacies took part in our survey, and gave us their impressions of the organisation of the anti-COVID-19 vaccination and the information to be transmitted to patients. CONCLUSIONS: The commitment of pharmacists to the anti-COVID-19 vaccination testifies to the attachment of pharmacists to their patients, and their privileged place in prevention in France. The extension of their competences to the general vaccination of the population expects legitimacy from the decision-making authorities.

[Use of self-tests and rapid diagnostic tests: Survey of dispensing pharmacists in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region]. / Utilisation des TROD et autotests : enquête auprès des pharmaciens officinaux de la région Auvergne­Rhône-Alpes.

OBJECTIVES: RDT and self-tests are sold in pharmacies. These are medical biology procedures that are currently reserved for biologists. Nevertheless, their use is now being reinforced by the COVID-19 pandemic. What role should the dispensing pharmacist have in relation to the patient? What role can the biologist have in this system? METHODS: A survey was carried out in pharmacies in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, as well as in Cameroon during the summer of 2020, to evaluate the use of RDT and self-tests. The answers obtained to the 10 questions were discussed after a simple statistical analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-three pharmacies and 13 Cameroonian pharmacies participated in our survey. Pharmacists want to develop the use of RDT and self-test, but agree that training is necessary. Some tests are dispensed despite their unproven clinical usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: The delivery of TRODs and self-tests is acquired in pharmacies despite the reluctance of biologists. Pharmacists should be trained by biologists to use these tests in a relevant and appropriate manner.

[The armed forces health service in the face of major health risks]. / Le Service de Santé des Armées face aux risques sanitaires majeurs d'origine infectieuse. Une mise en œuvre de l'éthique de responsabilité.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic in France called upon the French Army Health Services (SSA) to support the population on its national territory but also overseas, in Mayotte and French Guiana. In charge of the medical support of the forces, the SSA has evolved since the 18th century according to the format of the Armed Forces but also according to the nature of the conflicts, these changes being accompanied by ethical and moral questions. If rules of medical ethics apply to practitioners, they are also military: in this context, the notions of ethics of responsibility and ethics of conviction bring questions. Its questions are even more complex when these soldiers are projected into external operations where current conflicts, of a terrorist nature, expose the local populations, women and children specifically. Nevertheless, the SSA can also be projected to respond to exclusively health issues (excluding conflicts) as during the Ebola epidemic in Guinea in 2014, or more recently in Mulhouse with COVID-19. This last point raises fears of the development of bioterrorism where the questions of medico-military ethics would then be very complex; they must therefore be taken into account and analyzed, but also extended to raising awareness of the fighting forces.

[Nifurtimox, a bright future for treatment of Chagas disease]. / Le nifurtimox, molécule en plein devenir dans le traitement de la maladie de Chagas.

Nifurtimox is one of the two molecules used for treatment of Chagas disease. Although posology has not yet been clearly defined, nifurtimox is increasingly used, especially in combination with eflonithin. Nifurtimox is perfectly suited to the WHO's Chagas disease eradication program.

[Benzonidazole: one of the rare treatment for Chagas disease]. / Le benznidazole : un des rares traitements de la maladie de Chagas.

Benznidazole is indicated in the treatment of Chagas' disease, which is endemic in Latin America. However, it has numerous adverse effects and is effective only at certain disease stages. Because of these drawbacks and the appearance of resistance to benzinidazole, there is ongoing research for alternative therapeutic strategies and new drugs.

[Triclabendazole]. / Le triclabendazole.

Triclabendazole is indicated for treatment of human fascioliasis, a widespread disease. Treatment is straightforward and generally well tolerated. However, increasing resistance to this therapy has been observed since the 1990s. Research is being carried out to develop new medications with special interest in artesunate.

[Colchicine poisoning: a case report]. / A propos d'une intoxication létale à la colchicine.

Colchicine is a drug commonly used for treatment of acute and chronic gout. Poisoning is a rare but always serious event. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a 16-year-old girl who ingested an unknown amount of colchicine in a suicide attempt. At the time of admission she presented with gastrointestinal manifestations and reduced consciousness. After ten days in the intensive care unit she died due to multiple organ failure. This case provides the opportunity not only to review the clinical course and prognostic factors associated with colchicine poisoning but also to underline the difficulty of its management due to the absence of a specific antidote and of emergency pharmacologic doses.