Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Decade of Mandatory Psychiatric Evaluation in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty Aspirants.

The aim of rhinoplasty is to make the patient happier with their nose. The patient's perception plays a substantial role in their outcome satisfaction. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive disorder concerning body image, which negatively distorts the patient's perception, rendering them dissatisfied with the outcome even if the results are close to the defined objectives. In this paper, we present a protocol with a two-specialist approach (rhinoplasty surgeon and a psychiatrist) to standardize BDD diagnosis using the DSM-5 criteria. The patients deemed suitable for cosmetic rhinoplasty by the rhinoplasty surgeon's first consultation were sent for Mandatory Psychiatric Evaluation (MPE) for further consultation and second opinion. MPE was employed with a semi-structured clinical interview by a psychiatrist incorporating the Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire and Appearance Anxiety Inventory. From 2010 to 2023, 1,602 patients attended our practice seeking cosmetic rhinoplasty, out of which, 892 were sent for MPE to the same psychiatrist. The MPE identified 2.5% (22/892) patients as having mild BDD; out of which, 15 were considered suitable for surgical intervention and underwent successful rhinoplasty (follow up: 1-10 years, M = 4.33 years). Although BDD is considered a contraindication in rhinoplasty, our experience shows that borderline and mild BDD can be offered surgery with good insight and support system. Moderate to severe BDD in our practice was filtered out at the first stage and was not offered surgical intervention. BDD among rhinoplasty aspirants is not as prevalent as previously reported. Standardized diagnostic protocols and studying the severity of BDD when present has clarified management of BDD in rhinoplasty aspirants in our practice. MPE is not easy to incorporate in every rhinoplasty practice, but we aim to present guidelines arising from our ongoing experience to help management of BDD in rhinoplasty.

Surgical Rhinoplasty in Mild Forms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Safety, Protocols, and Long-Term Outcomes.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive disorder concerning body image which negatively distorts the patient's perception of their appearance. In rhinoplasty, surgery on patients with severe BDD is considered contraindicated as patients are often dissatisfied and their BDD symptoms rarely improve. For patients with borderline to mild BDD, however, there has been some preliminary evidence to show that they can benefit from surgical rhinoplasty. In our first article on this series of BDD in rhinoplasty, we presented our two-specialist protocol using mandatory psychiatric evaluation (MPE) to assess patient's suitability. In this present article, we used this protocol to identify a group of borderline to mild BDD patients, performed surgical rhinoplasty on this group, and evaluated the outcome using a visual analog scale (VAS) and a five-point Likert scale. From 2010 to 2023, 1,602 patients attended our practice seeking cosmetic rhinoplasty, out of which, 892 were sent for MPE to the same psychiatrist. The MPE identified 2.5% (22/892) patients as having mild BDD, out of which, 15 were considered suitable for surgical intervention and underwent successful rhinoplasty (follow-up 6-95 months, M = 54.13 months). Five of 15 patients scored 10/10 on the VAS and were very happy, 8 of 15 patients scored 7 to 9/10 on the VAS and were happy, and 2 of 15 patients scored 6/10 on the VAS but were still happy. Although all patients were happier, 3 of 15 patients requested revision rhinoplasty which was not offered as was planned and discussed before the initial intervention. This study shows that in the presence of safe protocols, including a two-specialist model, safe outcomes can be expected even in the long term. Further, the request for revision surgery appears to be common in borderline to mild BDD cases, and we like to warn the patients against it before surgery.

Cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in fibromyalgia: A review of preclinical and clinical research.

Characterised by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, generalised hyperalgesia, and psychological distress, fibromyalgia (FM) is a significant unmet clinical need. The endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in modulating both pain and the stress response. Here, we appraise the evidence, from preclinical and clinical studies, for a role of the endocannabinoid system in FM and the therapeutic potential of targeting the endocannabinoid system. While many animal models have been used to study FM, the reserpine-induced myalgia model has emerged as perhaps the most translatable to the clinical phenotype. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) has shown promise in preclinical studies, ameliorating pain- and anxiety-related behaviour . Clinically, there is evidence for alterations in the endocannabinoid system in patients with FM, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and increased levels of circulating endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines. Single entity cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines in patients with FM show promise therapeutically but limitations in methodology and lack of longitudinal studies to assess efficacy and tolerability preclude the current recommendation for their use in patients with FM. Gaps in the literature that warrant further investigation are discussed, particularly the need for further development of animal models with high validity for the multifaceted nature of FM, balanced studies to eliminate sex-bias in preclinical research, and ultimately, better translation between preclinical and clinical research.

Longitudinal assessment of psychopathological domains over late-stage schizophrenia in relation to duration of initially untreated psychosis: 3-year prospective study in a long-term inpatient population.

There remains uncertainty regarding any progressive nature of psychopathology and cognitive dysfunction in late-stage schizophrenia, and whether duration of initially untreated psychosis (DUP) might be associated with such 'progression'. This study examines longitudinally, over 3 years, the psychopathology and neuropsychology in 82 inpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia, many of whom were admitted in the pre-neuroleptic era. Increase in executive dysfunction exceeded that in general cognitive impairment. Positive but not negative symptom severity decreased modestly; the primary predictor of negative symptom severity was DUP. On index assessment, psychopathology evidenced a three-factor structure; at follow-up, psychomotor poverty evidenced greater prominence and cohesion, and was on both occasions predicted primarily by DUP, while reality distortion was altered and disorganisation disassembled into alternative elements. It would appear that as years of chronic, refractory illness accrue, psychomotor poverty becomes more sharply delineated and dominant within the overall structure of psychopathology, and its prominence is predicted enduringly by DUP.