Structural, magnetic, and electronic evolution of the spin-ladder system BaFe2S3-x Se x with isoelectronic substitution.

We report experimental studies of a series of BaFe2S3-x Se x (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 3) single crystals and powder specimens using x-ray diffraction, neutron-diffraction, muon-spin-relaxation, and electrical transport measurements. A structural transformation from Cmcm (BaFe2S3) to Pnma (BaFe2Se3) was identified around x = 0.7 - 1. Neutron-diffraction measurements on the samples with x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 reveal that the Néel temperature of the stripe antiferromagnetic order is gradually suppressed from ~120 to 85 K, while the magnitude of the ordered Fe2+ moments shows very little variation. Similarly, the block antiferromagnetic order in BaFe2Se3 remains robust for 1.5 ⩽ x ⩽ 3 with negligible variation in the ordered moment and a slight decrease of the Néel temperature from 250 K (x = 3) to 225 K (x = 1.5). The sample with x = 1 near the Cmcm and Pnma border shows coexisting, two-dimensional, short-range stripe- and block-type antiferromagnetic correlations. The system remains insulating for all x, but the thermal activation gap shows an abrupt increase when traversing the boundary from the Cmcm stripe phase to the Pnma block phase. The results demonstrate that the crystal structure, magnetic order, and electronic properties are strongly coupled in the BaFe2S3-x Se x system.

Observation of a C-type short-range antiferromagnetic order in layer spacing expanded FeS.

We report neutron diffraction studies of FeS single crystals obtained from Rb x Fe2-y S2 single crystals via a hydrothermal method. While no 5 × 5 iron vacancy order or block antiferromagnetic order typical of Rb x Fe2-y S2 is found in our samples, we observe C-type short-range antiferromagnetic order with moments pointed along the c axis hosted by a different phase of FeS with an expanded interlayer spacing. The Néel temperature for this magnetic order is determined to be 170 ± 4 K. Our finding of a variant FeS structure hosting this C-type antiferromagnetic order demonstrates that the known FeS phase synthesized in this method is in the vicinity of a magnetically ordered ground state, providing insights into understanding a variety of phenomena observed in FeS and the related FeSe1-x S x iron chalcogenide system.

Strain-Induced Spin-Nematic State and Nematic Susceptibility Arising from 2×2 Fe Clusters in KFe_{0.8}Ag_{1.2}Te_{2}.

Spin nematics break spin-rotational symmetry while maintaining time-reversal symmetry, analogous to liquid crystal nematics that break spatial rotational symmetry while maintaining translational symmetry. Although several candidate spin nematics have been proposed, the identification and characterization of such a state remain challenging because the spin-nematic order parameter does not couple directly to experimental probes. KFe_{0.8}Ag_{1.2}Te_{2} (K_{5}Fe_{4}Ag_{6}Te_{10}, KFAT) is a local-moment magnet consisting of well-separated 2×2 Fe clusters, and in its ground state the clusters order magnetically, breaking both spin-rotational and time-reversal symmetries. Using uniform magnetic susceptibility and neutron scattering measurements, we find a small strain induces sizable spin anisotropy in the paramagnetic state of KFAT, manifestly breaking spin-rotational symmetry while retaining time-reversal symmetry, resulting in a strain-induced spin-nematic state in which the 2×2 clusters act as the spin analog of molecules in a liquid crystal nematic. The strain-induced spin anisotropy in KFAT allows us to probe its nematic susceptibility, revealing a divergentlike increase upon cooling, indicating the ordered ground state is driven by a spin-orbital entangled nematic order parameter.

In situ diagnostics of the crystal-growth process through neutron imaging: application to scintillators.

Neutrons are known to be unique probes in situations where other types of radiation fail to penetrate samples and their surrounding structures. In this paper it is demonstrated how thermal and cold neutron radiography can provide time-resolved imaging of materials while they are being processed (e.g. while growing single crystals). The processing equipment, in this case furnaces, and the scintillator materials are opaque to conventional X-ray interrogation techniques. The distribution of the europium activator within a BaBrCl:Eu scintillator (0.1 and 0.5% nominal doping concentrations per mole) is studied in situ during the melting and solidification processes with a temporal resolution of 5-7 s. The strong tendency of the Eu dopant to segregate during the solidification process is observed in repeated cycles, with Eu forming clusters on multiple length scales (only for clusters larger than ∼50 µm, as limited by the resolution of the present experiments). It is also demonstrated that the dopant concentration can be quantified even for very low concentration levels (∼0.1%) in 10 mm thick samples. The interface between the solid and liquid phases can also be imaged, provided there is a sufficient change in concentration of one of the elements with a sufficient neutron attenuation cross section. Tomographic imaging of the BaBrCl:0.1%Eu sample reveals a strong correlation between crystal fractures and Eu-deficient clusters. The results of these experiments demonstrate the unique capabilities of neutron imaging for in situ diagnostics and the optimization of crystal-growth procedures.

Probing carrier lifetimes in photovoltaic materials using subsurface two-photon microscopy.

Accurately measuring the bulk minority carrier lifetime is one of the greatest challenges in evaluating photoactive materials used in photovoltaic cells. One-photon time-resolved photoluminescence decay measurements are commonly used to measure lifetimes of direct bandgap materials. However, because the incident photons have energies higher than the bandgap of the semiconductor, most carriers are generated close to the surface, where surface defects cause inaccurate lifetime measurements. Here we show that two-photon absorption permits sub-surface optical excitation, which allows us to decouple surface and bulk recombination processes even in unpassivated samples. Thus with two-photon microscopy we probe the bulk minority carrier lifetime of photovoltaic semiconductors. We demonstrate how the traditional one-photon technique can underestimate the bulk lifetime in a CdTe crystal by 10× and show that two-photon excitation more accurately measures the bulk lifetime. Finally, we generate multi-dimensional spatial maps of optoelectronic properties in the bulk of these materials using two-photon excitation.

Ba(11)La(4)Br(34): a new barium lanthanum bromide.

The structure of the title compound, barium lanthanum bromide (11/4/34), can be derived from the fluorite structure. The asymmetric unit contains two Ba sites (one with site symmetry 4/m..), one La site (site symmetry 4..), one mixed-occupied Ba and La site (ratio 1:1, site symmetry m..) and six Br sites (one with site symmetry \=4.., one with 2.., one with m.., the latter being disordered over two positions with a 0.86:0.14 ratio). The fundamental building units of the structure are edge-sharing polyhedral clusters made up of Ba and La bromide clusters inter-connected to BaBr(8) square prisms and BaBr(10) groups.

Europium-doped barium bromide iodide.

Single crystals of Ba(0.96)Eu(0.04)BrI (barium europium bromide iodide) were grown by the Bridgman technique. The title compound adopts the ordered PbCl(2) structure [Braekken (1932 ▶). Z. Kristallogr.83, 222-282]. All atoms occupy the fourfold special positions (4c, site symmetry m) of the space group Pnma with a statistical distribution of Ba and Eu. They lie on the mirror planes, perpendicular to the b axis at y = ±0.25. Each cation is coordinated by nine anions in a tricapped trigonal prismatic arrangement.