Subgroup comparison according to clinical phenotype and serostatus in autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autoimmune encephalitides (AE) include a spectrum of neurological disorders whose diagnosis revolves around the detection of neuronal antibodies (Abs). Consensus-based diagnostic criteria (AE-DC) allow clinic-serological subgrouping of AE, with unclear prognostic implications. The impact of AE-DC on patients' management was studied, focusing on the subgroup of Ab-negative-AE. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study on patients fulfilling AE-DC. All patients underwent Ab testing with commercial cell-based assays (CBAs) and, when available, in-house assays (immunohistochemistry, live/fixed CBAs, neuronal cultures) that contributed to defining final categories. Patients were classified as Ab-positive-AE [N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E), Ab-positive limbic encephalitis (LE), definite-AE] or Ab-negative-AE (Ab-negative-LE, probable-AE, possible-AE). RESULTS: Commercial CBAs detected neuronal Abs in 70/118 (59.3%) patients. Testing 37/48 Ab-negative cases, in-house assays identified Abs in 11 patients (29.7%). A hundred and eighteen patients fulfilled the AE-DC, 81 (68.6%) with Ab-positive-AE (Ab-positive-LE, 40; NMDAR-E, 32; definite-AE, nine) and 37 (31.4%) with Ab-negative-AE (Ab-negative-LE, 17; probable/possible-AE, 20). Clinical phenotypes were similar in Ab-positive-LE versus Ab-negative-LE. Twenty-four/118 (20.3%) patients had tumors, and 19/118 (16.1%) relapsed, regardless of being Ab-positive or Ab-negative. Ab-positive-AE patients were treated earlier than Ab-negative-AE patients (P = 0.045), responded more frequently to treatments (92.3% vs. 65.6%, P < 0.001) and received second-line therapies more often (33.3% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.01). Delays in first-line therapy initiation were associated with poor response (P = 0.022; odds ratio 1.02; confidence interval 1.00-1.04). CONCLUSIONS: In-house diagnostics improved Ab detection allowing better patient management but was available in a patient subgroup only, implying possible Ab-positive-AE underestimation. Notwithstanding this limitation, our findings suggest that Ab-negative-AE and Ab-positive-AE patients share similar oncological profiles, warranting appropriate tumor screening. Ab-negative-AE patients risk worse responses due to delayed and less aggressive treatments.

L-type Ca(2+) channel current characteristics are preserved in rat tail artery myocytes after one-day storage.

AIM: To develop a cheap and simple method of storing for 24-h vascular tissue and single myocytes while preserving therein the biophysical and pharmacological characteristics of L-type Ca(2+) channels and contractile activity. METHODS: Rings or vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from the rat tail main artery were used either freshly (R0h and VSMC0h) or stored for 24 h (R24h and VSMC24h) at 4 °C, to record whole-cell L-type Ca(2+) currents (IC a(L) ) or measure contractile responses. RESULTS: R0h/VSMC0h and R24h/VSMC24h comparably contracted when stimulated with phenylephrine, high KCl or ATP. In both VSMC0h and VSMC24h, IC a(L) was identified and characterized as a stable inward current for at least 35 min; IC a(L) was comparably inhibited by the Ca(2+) antagonists nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem and increased by the Ca(2+) channel agonist (S)-(-)-Bay K 8644; current density and current-voltage relationships were similar; at more hyperpolarized holding potentials, IC a(L) intensity increased comparably; nifedipine shifted the steady-state inactivation curve towards more negative potentials, while verapamil blocked IC a(L) in a frequency-dependent manner and slowed down the rate of recovery from inactivation in a comparable way. CONCLUSION: Findings show that smooth muscle contractile activity and the biophysical and pharmacological features of L-type Ca(2+) channels are similar in VSMC24h and VSMC0h. The fact that reproducible results were obtained in vascular myocytes up to 24 h after dissociation may facilitate vascular smooth muscle cell investigation by increasing throughput and reducing the number of animals required.

Recovery of visual functions after early acquired occipital damage.

Plasticity of visual systems after early brain damage has been extensively studied in animal models but poorly documented in children after visual pathway lesions. This report describes the visual recovery of a male child who had a bilateral occipital lobe infarction at the age of 2 years 6 months, 10 days after colon resection for Hirschsprung disease. In the acute phase he had severe visual impairment without visual response. Some weeks later he could perceive movement. Since then, progressive recovery of his visual acuity and oculomotor abilities has been accompanied by a progressive reduction of the visual field defect. At 6 years 8 months, visual recognition acuity was 10/10 in both eyes and neuro-ophthalmological examination was normal, except for persistence of the visual field defect in the upper hemifield and a selective impairment of higher visual functions (recognition of object presented in a hard-to-decode way [e.g. overlapping figures], or use of complex visuospatial skills). The functional recovery observed in this patient confirms the adaptive plasticity of developing visual systems after early brain lesions. It suggests that in humans, as in animal models, processes related to cerebral plasticity may take place years after a brain lesion has been sustained.

Norbormide: a calcium entry blocker with selective vasoconstrictor activity in rat peripheral arteries.

Norbormide is a unique vasoactive substance endowed with species- and tissue-specific, endothelium independent, vasoconstrictor activity that is restricted to the peripheral arteries of rat. In rat aorta and in all tested arteries of other species norbormide exhibits vasorelaxant property presumably due to the blockade of calcium channels. A calcium entry blocker effect of norbormide has also been described in isolated, perfused guinea pig hearts. In these preparations norbormide produced coronary vasodilator, as well as negative inotropic and dromotropic effects. In single ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs norbormide reduces L-type calcium current. The mechanism underlying the selective vasoconstrictor effect of norbormide is unknown. In rat caudal artery, a vessel contracted by norbormide, the drug activates phospholipase C (PLC) signal cascade which is the biochemical pathway involved in the contractile effect triggered by most receptor-activating vasoactive agents. Therefore, norbormide-induced contraction of rat peripheral vessels is likely to be due to the activation of a PLC-coupled receptor abundantly or selectively expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells. The identification of this putative receptor could facilitate the development of tissue-selective pharmacological agents.

Effects of canrenone on aorta and right ventricle of the rat.

Canrenone is a major active metabolite of spironolactone and, in addition to the antimineralocorticoid effect, shares with the parent compound the action as a partial agonist with respect to ouabain on the Na+-K+ ATPase. We have investigated whether canrenone, through its action on Na+-K+ ATPase, reverses rat aorta contractions induced by ouabain and has vasorelaxant properties unrelated to its interaction with ouabain. Contractile responses of endothelium-deprived aorta to 1 mM ouabain, 0.1 microM phenylephrine, 10 microM serotonin, and 60 mM K+ were relaxed by canrenone (50-250 microM), with maximum inhibitions of 85.3%, 55.3%, 56.7%, and 64.2%, respectively. Canrenone shifted to the right the concentration-response curve for Ca2+ in depolarized aorta and did not affect the response to 10 mM caffeine. In rat right ventricular strips driven at 0.1 Hz, canrenone exerted negative inotropic effect. The relaxation of ouabain-induced contraction may be due, at least in part, to an interaction between canrenone and ouabain on the Na+-K+ ATPase. Inhibition of calcium entry through calcium channels either in aorta or ventricles is the most parsimonious hypothesis of mechanism underlying the effect of canrenone on contractile responses of rat aorta to agonists and high K+ and the negative inotropic effect on ventricular strips.

Signaling mechanisms for the selective vasoconstrictor effect of norbormide on the rat small arteries.

Norbormide (NRB) is a selective vasoconstrictor agent of the rat small vessels. The mechanisms underlying the selective vasoconstrictor effect of NRB are unknown. To investigate whether phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway plays a role in NRB-induced vasoconstriction, we performed experiments in NRB-contracted tissues, namely, rat caudal arteries (RCA) and smooth muscle cells derived from rat mesenteric arteries (MVSMCs). An NRB-insensitive vessel, namely rat aorta (RA), served as a control tissue. In RCA and RA we measured either isometric tension or formation of inositol phosphates (IPs), the latter taken as an index of PLC activation. In MVSMCs, we measured intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). In the presence of external Ca2+, NRB (2-50 microM) stimulated IPs formation in RCA but not in RA, and increased [Ca2+]cyt in MVSMCs. In the absence of external Ca2+, NRB (50 microM) increased IPs formation in RCA but was unable to increase [Ca2+]cyt in MVSMCs. In RCA, in the presence of external Ca2+, NRB-induced contraction was inhibited by calphostin C (0.2-1 microM), an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), and by SK&F 96365 (30 microM), an inhibitor of the store-operated calcium channels, but was poorly affected by verapamil, an L-type calcium channel blocker. However, verapamil was much more effective when external Ca2+ was substituted by Sr2+. These results suggest that NRB elicits its tissue and species-selective vasoconstrictor effect by stimulating PLC-PKC pathway and increasing Ca2+ influx through both verapamil-sensitive and -insensitive calcium channels. Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum seems not involved in NRB vasoconstriction.

Acquired epileptic frontal syndrome as long-term outcome in two children with CSWS.

Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) are a well-known EEG pattern that can be associated with cognitive and behavioural deterioration. We present the long-term clinical, neuropsychological and EEG follow-up of two patients who developed CSWS during childhood. In both the CSWS onset was followed immediately by rapid cognitive and behavioural deterioration. Later the CSWS fragmented or fluctuated and the spike-wave discharges diminished and this was associated with progressive clinical improvement. At the same time bilateral frontal EEG abnormalities appeared awake and in sleep. After the initial period of rapid cognitive and linguistic improvement both patients stabilised. The latest neuropsychological assessment showed a frontal syndrome. The presence of frontal EEG abnormalities superimposed on CSWS, their persistence after CSWS resolution and, in addition, the finding of subtle frontal-type neuropsychological alterations early in recovery may indicate poor long-term outcome.

Callipeltin A, a cyclic depsipeptide inhibitor of the cardiac sodium-calcium exchanger and positive inotropic agent.

Callipeltin A, a cyclic depsipeptide from the New Caledonian Lithistida sponge Callipelta sp., is a macrocyclic lactone containing four amino acids in the L configuration, Ala, Leu, Thr (2 residues); one (Arg) in the D configuration; two N-methyl amino acids, N-MeAla and N-MeGln; a methoxy tyrosine, a 3, 4-dimethyl-l-glutamine; and a 4-amino-7-guanidino-2,3 dihydroxypentanoic acid (AGDHE), formally derived from L-Arg. In cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles Callipeltin A induces a powerful (IC(50) = 0.85 microM) and selective inhibition of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. In electrically driven guinea-pig atria, at concentrations ranging between 0.7 and 2.5 microM, Callipeltin A induces a positive inotropic effect, which at the highest concentrations is accompanied by a rise in resting tension. It is suggested that the positive inotropic effect is linked to the inhibition of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and that Callipeltin A may be an useful tool to study the role of the cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger in physiological and pathological conditions.

Congenital deafness and sinoatrial node dysfunction in mice lacking class D L-type Ca2+ channels.

Voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) containing a pore-forming alpha1D subunit (D-LTCCs) are expressed in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Their relative contribution to total L-type Ca2+ currents and their physiological role and significance as a drug target remain unknown. Therefore, we generated D-LTCC deficient mice (alpha1D-/-) that were viable with no major disturbances of glucose metabolism. alpha1D-/-mice were deaf due to the complete absence of L-type currents in cochlear inner hair cells and degeneration of outer and inner hair cells. In wild-type controls, D-LTCC-mediated currents showed low activation thresholds and slow inactivation kinetics. Electrocardiogram recordings revealed sinoatrial node dysfunction (bradycardia and arrhythmia) in alpha1D-/- mice. We conclude that alpha1D can form LTCCs with negative activation thresholds essential for normal auditory function and control of cardiac pacemaker activity.

Effect of long-term ouabain treatment on contractile responses of rat aortae.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were infused with 50 microg/kg/day of ouabain for 4 weeks to address the question whether prolonged exposure to the drug affects blood pressure, the in vitro contractile responses to agonists and high K+ of their aortae, and the influence of endothelium on these responses. Systolic blood pressure was not affected by ouabain treatment. The responsiveness of endothelium-intact aortae from ouabain-treated rats to endothelin-1 increased, that to phenylephrine decreased, and that to high K+ was unchanged, as compared with control. The responses of endothelium-free aortae to endothelin-1, phenylephrine, and high K+ were lower in ouabain-treated than in control rats. The removal of endothelium increased the response to phenylephrine and decreased that to high K+ in either control or ouabain-treated rat aortae, whereas it did not affect the response to endothelin-1 in control rat aortae and decreased it in ouabain-treated rat aortae. The response to caffeine was unaffected by either ouabain treatment or endothelium removal. Thus rat ouabain long-term treatment induces opposing effects on the responsiveness of their intact aortae to an alpha-adrenergic agonist and endothelin-1. If these effects observed in the ex vivo experiments occur also in vivo on rat microvasculature, they could balance out and contribute to the lack of effect on systolic blood pressure of prolonged ouabain treatment.

Neuropsychological testing may predict early progression of asymptomatic adrenoleukodystrophy.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the correlation between neuropsychological and MRI findings in children with the childhood cerebral (CCALD) and asymptomatic forms of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and to identify early cognitive markers that may predict disease progression in asymptomatic children with ALD. BACKGROUND: The few published neuropsychological studies on CCALD suggest a correlation between the pattern of cognitive deficit and lesion site; however, neuropsychological performance in asymptomatic children with ALD has not been investigated. METHODS: The authors assessed cognitive function and cerebral MRI findings in seven CCALD and eight asymptomatic ALD children. RESULTS: The CCALD children's cognitive skills were severely compromised, especially Wechsler and executive functions. Visual perception, short-term memory, and language were generally preserved, except that naming was severely impaired. All had extensive posterior white matter deterioration. The asymptomatic children had relatively intact neuropsychological performance, but their verbal fluency was compromised and naming severely impaired. All except one had mild white matter alterations. For all the children, the majority of neuropsychological test performance correlated significantly with extent of white matter lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of cognitive deterioration in children with CCALD and the significant correlation of neuropsychological test performance with extent of white matter lesions indicate a white matter dementia similar to that observed in adults with demyelinating diseases. The deficits found in asymptomatic children, despite their normal intelligence, suggest that careful neuropsychological investigation can identify early signs of malfunction. These may be markers of disease progression useful for selecting children for bone marrow transplant, although this will require confirmation by prospective longitudinal studies.

Blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and not of endothelin receptor prevents hypertension and cardiovascular disease in transgenic (mREN2)27 rats via adrenocortical steroid-independent mechanisms.

We investigated the role of angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in transgenic (mREN2)27 rats, a model of the monogenic renin-dependent form of severe hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Four-week-old heterozygous male transgenic (mREN2)27 rats (n=24) were matched according to body weight (BW) and blood pressure (BP) and randomly allocated to receive a placebo (group P), the mixed endothelin type A and B receptor antagonist bosentan (100 mg/kg BW PO, group B), the Ang II type 1-specific receptor antagonist irbesartan (50 mg/kg BW PO, group I), or the endothelin type A-selective antagonist BMS-182874 (52 mg/kg BW PO, group BMS). After 4 weeks of treatment, during which BW and BP were measured weekly, animals were euthanized, and the heart, left ventricle, right ventricle, adrenal gland, brain, and kidney were weighed. The plasma levels of adrenocortical steroids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The tension responses of ET-free segments of the thoracic aorta to 5 x 10(-6) mmol/L phenylephrine, 60 mmol/L KCl, and cumulative doses of ET-1 were assessed. The density of ET-1 receptor subtypes in the aorta and vascular structural changes in the mesenteric arterioles (100 to 200 microm ID) were also measured with autoradiography and myography, respectively. Compared with all other groups, group I rats showed significantly (P<0.001) lower systolic BP (group I, 161+/-8 mm Hg; group P, 269+/-23 mm Hg; group B, 275+/-17 mm Hg; and group BMS, 254+/-21 mm Hg), left ventricular weight (2.28+/-0.15 versus 3. 71+/-0.26, 3.38+/-0.27, and 3.96+/-0.51 mg/g BW, respectively), tension responses to vasoconstrictors, and normalized media thickness of the mesenteric arterioles (22.3+/-0.6 versus 25.3+/-0.5, 25.5+/-0.7, and 24.1+/-1.5 microm, respectively). Compared with levels in group P (78+/-25 pmol/mL), plasma aldosterone levels were significantly decreased in group B (51+/-11 pmol/mL) and group I (40+/-16 pmol/mL). Thus, endogenous ET-1 and Ang II contribute to the regulation of aldosterone, but only Ang II is crucial for the development of hypertension and related target organ damage via the Ang II type 1 receptor. Endogenous Ang II does not appear to enhance cardiovascular production of ET-1 in this model of hypertension within the time span of our experiment.

Alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated formation of glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate in rat heart: possible role in the positive inotropic response.

In the present study, we investigated whether phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/lysophospholipase activity producing glycerophosphoinositols from phosphoinositides was operating in rat heart and could be stimulated by alpha1-adrenergic agonists. PLA2/lysophospholipase activity was found in homogenates from rat right ventricles. The stimulation of PLA2/lysophospholipase activity by noradrenaline (NA) was prevented either by the alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin or arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a selective inhibitor of the 85-110 kDa, sn-2-arachidonyl-specific cytosolic PLA2. The selective alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine induced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns) and glycerophosphoinositol 4-phosphate (GroPIns4P) in rat right ventricle slices prelabelled with D-myo-[3H]inositol. In electrically driven strips of rat right ventricles, prelabelled with D-myo-[3H]inositol, the positive inotropic effect induced by 20 microM NA in the presence of propranolol was accompanied by the formation of GroPIns and GroPIns4P. The concentration of the formed GroPIns4P (1.33+/-0.12 microM, N = 6) was similar to that previously reported to inhibit the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles (Luciani S, Antolini M, Bova S, Cargnelli G, Cusinato F, Debetto P, Trevisi L and Varotto R, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 206: 674-680, 1995). These findings show that the stimulation of alpha1-adrenoceptors in rat heart is followed by an increase in the formation of GroPIns4P, which may contribute to the positive inotropic effect of alpha1-adrenergic agonists by inhibition of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.

Cholesterylphosphoserine as inhibitor of cell adhesion and actin polymerization in human T cells.

To further investigate the immunosuppressive activity of cholesterylphosphoserine (CPHS), we examined a variety of human T cell responses including proliferation, adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. The CPHS-induced inhibition of T cell response is greater in the integrin-dependent mixed lymphocyte reaction than in the integrin-independent proliferation elicited by anti-TCR-CD3 or anti-CD28 antibodies in the presence of tetradecanoylphorbol acetate. Consistently, CPHS inhibits the homotypic T cell adhesion involving the integrin alphaLbeta2 (LFA-1) and the cell adhesion to fibronectin and rVCAM-1 involving the integrins of the beta1 family. Since CPHS does not change integrin expression but inhibits post-receptor events such as cell spreading and pseudopodal projections, it seems likely that the site of CPHS influence is distal to the adhesion receptors. In agreement, the steroid prevents the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton occurring when T cells are allowed to spread on immobilized anti-CD3 in the absence of integrin activation. We suggest that CPHS acts on the metabolic pathway in which signals from integrin and growth factor receptors converge to induce the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Selectivity in the action of CPHS is indicated by its ineffectiveness in the integrin-mediated adhesion of the monocytic cell line U-937 to fibronectin.

Eye-movement disorders and visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm: a clinical evaluation.

The visual-motor behaviour of 15 preterm diplegic children and 50 control children (age range 4 to 7 years) was recorded on video as they performed a visual-perceptual task (an adaptation of the Animal House subtest of the Wechsler Preschool Primary Scale of Intelligence). The following parameters were analysed and scored: time to perform task; omissions; figure-colour association; sequence direction; sequential scanning order; accuracy of fitting target; and number of anticipatory saccadic movements to next target. The ability of the control children to perform the task improved significantly with age, as measured by performance time, mistakes in sequence direction and scanning order, accuracy of target fitting, and number of anticipatory saccadic movements. The scores of children with diplegia were not related to age and were poorer overall than those of the control group. Children with diplegia made significantly more mistakes of sequence direction and scanning order, and significantly fewer anticipatory saccadic movements than the control group. These results indicate that visual-perceptual impairment in diplegic children born preterm is not attributable only to sensory visual loss and to fine manipulation difficulties but is also related to difficulties in eye movements and in using anticipatory control to process information.

Cell cycle-independent death of prostate adenocarcinoma is induced by the trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor CEP-751 (KT6587).

Advanced prostate cancer remains largely incurable, primarily because the very low growth fraction present in these tumors makes them generally resistant to treatment with standard chemotherapeutic agents that target cell division. Effective therapies should therefore induce death of prostate cancer cells, independent of their growth rate. trkA, the high-affinity tyrosine kinase-linked receptor for nerve growth factor, has been implicated in prostatic cancer growth and may represent a molecular target for therapeutic agents. At low mg/kg doses, the trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor CEP-751 (KT6587) inhibits prostatic cancer growth in nine different animal models independent of the tumor growth rate, androgen sensitivity, metastatic ability, or state of tumor differentiation. CEP-751 is selective for cancerous versus normal prostate cells and affects the growth of only a limited number of nonprostate tumors. Importantly, CEP-751 induces cell death of prostate cancer cells in a cell cycle-independent fashion and, therefore, represents a novel therapeutic approach to the management of both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer.

Changes of blood pressure and aortic strip contractile responses to ET-1 of heterozygous female transgenic rats, TGR(mRen2)27.

We studied the contractile responses to endothelin-1 (ET-1) of aortic strips from female transgenic rats, TGR(mRen2)27, heterozygous for the Ren-2 mouse gene, during the phases of developing (blood pressure in rats aged 5 weeks; 156 +/- 8 mmHg), steady (blood pressure in rats aged 11 weeks: 206 +/- 27 mmHg), and reversed (blood pressure in rats aged 35 weeks: 151 +/- 17 mmHg) hypertension. These responses were compared with those of aortae from sex- and age-matched, genetically homogeneous, normotensive Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Aortic strips from both transgenic and SD rats were deprived of endothelium before isometrically recording developed tension to cumulatively added ET-1. Aortic strips from 5- and 11-week-old female transgenic TGR(mRen2)27 (hfTG) rats responded to ET-1 with higher Emax values and lower EC50 values than those of age-matched SD rats. Conversely, aortic strips from 35-week-old hfTG rats exhibited lower Emax and higher EC50 values than aortic strips from SD rats. Within the hfTG rats, aortic strips from 11-week-old rats showed increased Emax and decreased EC50 of ET-1 as compared with either 5- or 35-week-old hfTG rats. These data are in keeping with the hypothesis that ET-1 contributes to the hypertension of hfTG rats and suggest that an altered vascular responsiveness to the peptide may be implicated in the changes of their systolic blood pressure occurring with ageing in this animal model.

Autocrine-paracrine role of endothelin-1 in the regulation of aldosterone synthase expression and intracellular Ca2+ in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295 cells.

The role played by endothelin (ET-1) and its receptor subtypes A and B (ET(A) and ET(B)) in the functional regulation of human NCI-H295 adrenocortical carcinoma cells has been investigated. Reverse transcription-PCR with primers specific for prepro-ET-1, human ET-1 converting enzyme-1, ET(A), and ET(B) complementary DNAs consistently demonstrated the expression of all genes in NCI-H295 cells. The presence of mature ET-1 and both its receptor subtypes was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and autoradiography, respectively. Aldosterone synthase (AS) messenger RNA was also detected in NCI-H295 cells, and AS gene expression was enhanced by both ET-1 and the specific ET(B) agonist IRL-1620; this effect was not inhibited by either the ET(A) antagonist BQ-123 or the ET(B) antagonist BQ-788. A clear-cut increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in NCI-H295 cells in response to ET(B), but not ET(A), activation was observed. In light of these findings, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) NCI-H295 cells possess an active ET-1 biosynthetic pathway and are provided with ET(A) and ET(B) receptors; 2) ET-1 regulates in an autocrine/paracrine fashion the secretion of aldosterone by NCI-H295 cells by enhancing both AS transcription and raising the intracellular Ca2+ concentration; and 3) the former effect of ET-1 probably involves the activation of both receptor subtypes, whereas calcium response is exclusively mediated by the ET(B) receptor.

Adaptation of the QT interval to heart rate changes in isolated perfused guinea pig heart: influence of amiodarone and D-sotalol.

The inadequacy of the QT interval to shorten following heart rate increase is a feature of the inherited long QT syndrome and may have a role in the genesis of the typical arrhythmias associated with this syndrome (torsade des pointes). The aim of our study was to evaluate whether drugs that prolong the QT interval, such as amiodarone and D-sotalol, may also impair the ability of the QT interval to adapt to sudden heart rate changes. Experiments were carried out on isolated perfused guinea pig hearts (Langendorff preparation). Driving frequency was changed, in steps, every two minutes (Hz: 2.5-3-2.5-3.75-2.5-5-2.5), while epicardial ECG was continuously recorded on magnetic tape. QT interval was automatically measured by means of a beat-by-beat analysis program. D-sotalol was added to the perfusion medium at a concentration of 4 micrograms ml-1, while amiodarone was administered, before in vitro evaluation, for seven days (50 mg kg-1 per day, intraperitoneally). In control experiments two phases of QT adaptation were identified: an abrupt QT shortening at the first beat after frequency change (QT1), followed by a gradual, exponential QT shortening that reached a new steady state in about 1 min (half life: 13 sec). The electrical restitution curve (the relation between QT1 and the corresponding diastolic interval) had a rate constant of 57 +/- 8 ms. Neither drug changed the slow component of QT adaptation. However, both drugs increased the ability of QT to shorten upon premature stimulation: D-sotalol by increasing the rate constant of the restitution curve and amiodarone by decreasing the y-intercept. Our results indicate that D-sotalol and amiodarone do not impair QT shortening during tachycardia but, on the contrary, they may favour QT adaptation, thus reducing the likelihood of the potentially lethal 'R on T phenomenon'. This may be an additional mechanism by which these drugs can exert their antifibrillatory action.