Correlating Molecular Precursor Interactions with Device Performance in Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Thin-Film Solar Cells.

Research efforts aimed at improving the crystal quality of solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) absorbers have largely employed delicate pre- and postprocessing strategies, such as multistep selenization, heat treatment in mixed chalcogen atmospheres, and multinary extrinsic doping that are often complex and difficult to reproduce. On the other hand, understanding and tuning chemical interactions in precursor inks prior to the thin-film deposition have received significantly less attention. Herein, we show for the first time how the complexation of metallic and chalcogen precursors in solution have a stark influence on the crystallization and optoelectronic quality of CZTSSe absorbers. By varying thiourea to metal cation ratios (TU/M) in dimethylformamide (DMF) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-based inks, we observed the formation of nanoscale metal-organic complexes and submicron size aggregates which play a key role in the morphology of the precursor layers obtained by spin-coating and drying steps. We also identify the primary cations in the complexation and assembling processes in solution. The morphology of the precursor film, in turn, has an important effect on grain growth and film absorber structure after the reactive annealing in the presence of Se. Finally, we establish a link between metal complexes in precursor solutions and device performance, with power conversion efficiency increasing from approximately 2 to 8% depending on the TU/M and Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratios.

The influence of social norms varies with "others" groups: Evidence from COVID-19 vaccination intentions.

The theory that health behaviors spread through social groups implies that efforts to control COVID-19 through vaccination will succeed if people believe that others in their groups are getting vaccinated. But "others" can refer to many groups, including one's family, neighbors, fellow city or state dwellers, or copartisans. One challenge to examining these understudied distinctions is that many factors may confound observed relationships between perceived social norms (what people believe others do) and intended behaviors (what people themselves will do), as there are plausible common causes for both. We address these issues using survey data collected in the United States during late fall 2020 (n = 824) and spring 2021 (n = 996) and a matched design that approximates pair-randomized experiments. We find a strong relationship between perceived vaccination social norms and vaccination intentions when controlling for real risk factors (e.g., age), as well as dimensions known to predict COVID-19 preventive behaviors (e.g., trust in scientists). The strength of the relationship declines as the queried social group grows larger and more heterogeneous. The relationship for copartisans is second in magnitude to that of family and friends among Republicans but undetectable for Democrats. Sensitivity analysis shows that these relationships could be explained away only by an unmeasured variable with large effects (odds ratios between 2 and 15) on social norms perceptions and vaccination intentions. In addition, a prediction from the "false consensus" view that intentions cause perceived social norms is not supported. We discuss the implications for public health policy and understanding social norms.

Mapping Shunting Paths at the Surface of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Films via Energy-Filtered Photoemission Microscopy.

The performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-film solar cells, commonly referred to as kesterite or CZTSSe, is limited by open-circuit voltage (VOC) values less than 60% of the maximum theoretical limit. In the present study, we employ energy-filtered photoemission microscopy to visualize nanoscale shunting paths in solution-processed CZTSSe films, which limit the VOC of cells to approximately 400 mV. These studies unveil areas of local effective work function (LEWF) narrowly distributed around 4.9 eV, whereas other portions show hotspots with LEWF as low as 4.2 eV. Localized valence band spectra and density functional theory calculations allow rationalizing the LEWF maps in terms of the CZTSSe effective work function broadened by potential energy fluctuations and nanoscale Sn(S,Se) phases.

Hydrazine-Free Solution-Deposited CuIn(S,Se)2 Solar Cells by Spray Deposition of Metal Chalcogenides.

Solution processing of semiconductors, such as CuInSe2 and its alloys (CIGS), can significantly reduce the manufacturing costs of thin film solar cells. Despite the recent success of solution deposition approaches for CIGS, toxic reagents such as hydrazine are usually involved, which introduce health and safety concerns. Here, we present a simple and safer methodology for the preparation of high-quality CuIn(S, Se)2 absorbers from metal sulfide solutions in a diamine/dithiol mixture. The solutions are sprayed in air, using a chromatography atomizer, followed by a postdeposition selenization step. Two different selenization methods are explored resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 8%.

Health inequalities. Travellers' tales.

A Sheffield University report found gypsies' health problems to be two to five times worse than in other communities. Anecdotal evidence suggests NHS staff prejudice often denies travelling communities access to healthcare. The appointment of gypsy traveller health visitors has made solid progress with a difficult-to-reach population.