ABSTRACT
CCT245737 is the first orally active, clinical development candidate CHK1 inhibitor to be described. The IC50 was 1.4 nM against CHK1 enzyme and it exhibited>1,000-fold selectivity against CHK2 and CDK1. CCT245737 potently inhibited cellular CHK1 activity (IC50 30-220 nM) and enhanced gemcitabine and SN38 cytotoxicity in multiple human tumor cell lines and human tumor xenograft models. Mouse oral bioavailability was complete (100%) with extensive tumor exposure. Genotoxic-induced CHK1 activity (pS296 CHK1) and cell cycle arrest (pY15 CDK1) were inhibited both in vitro and in human tumor xenografts by CCT245737, causing increased DNA damage and apoptosis. Uniquely, we show CCT245737 enhanced gemcitabine antitumor activity to a greater degree than for higher doses of either agent alone, without increasing toxicity, indicating a true therapeutic advantage for this combination. Furthermore, development of a novel ELISA assay for pS296 CHK1 autophosphorylation, allowed the quantitative measurement of target inhibition in a RAS mutant human tumor xenograft of NSCLC at efficacious doses of CCT245737. Finally, CCT245737 also showed significant single-agent activity against a MYC-driven mouse model of B-cell lymphoma. In conclusion, CCT245737 is a new CHK1 inhibitor clinical development candidate scheduled for a first in man Phase I clinical trial, that will use the novel pS296 CHK1 ELISA to monitor target inhibition.
Subject(s)
4-Aminopyridine/analogs & derivatives , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Checkpoint Kinase 1/drug effects , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics , Pyrazines/pharmacology , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays , 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacokinetics , 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Apoptosis/drug effects , CDC2 Protein Kinase , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Camptothecin/pharmacology , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Checkpoint Kinase 1/metabolism , Checkpoint Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , DNA Damage/drug effects , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Deoxycytidine/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , HT29 Cells , Humans , Irinotecan , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Nude , Mice, Transgenic , Pyrazines/pharmacokinetics , GemcitabineABSTRACT
Inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) are of current interest as potential antitumor agents, but the most advanced inhibitor series reported to date are not orally bioavailable. A novel series of potent and orally bioavailable 3-alkoxyamino-5-(pyridin-2-ylamino)pyrazine-2-carbonitrile CHK1 inhibitors was generated by hybridization of two lead scaffolds derived from fragment-based drug design and optimized for CHK1 potency and high selectivity using a cell-based assay cascade. Efficient in vivo pharmacokinetic assessment was used to identify compounds with prolonged exposure following oral dosing. The optimized compound (CCT244747) was a potent and highly selective CHK1 inhibitor, which modulated the DNA damage response pathway in human tumor xenografts and showed antitumor activity in combination with genotoxic chemotherapies and as a single agent.
Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Neuroblastoma/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein Kinases/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Aminopyridines/chemical synthesis , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Checkpoint Kinase 1 , Child , Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology , DNA Damage/drug effects , Drug Design , Humans , Mice , Mice, Nude , Mice, Transgenic , N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein , Neuroblastoma/enzymology , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Oncogene Proteins/genetics , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinases/metabolism , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Many tumors exhibit defective cell-cycle checkpoint control and increased replicative stress. CHK1 is critically involved in the DNA damage response and maintenance of replication fork stability. We have therefore discovered a novel potent, highly selective, orally active ATP-competitive CHK1 inhibitor, CCT244747, and present its preclinical pharmacology and therapeutic activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Cellular CHK1 activity was assessed using an ELISA assay, and cytotoxicity a SRB assay. Biomarker modulation was measured using immunoblotting, and cell-cycle effects by flow cytometry analysis. Single-agent oral CCT244747 antitumor activity was evaluated in a MYCN-driven transgenic mouse model of neuroblastoma by MRI and in genotoxic combinations in human tumor xenografts by growth delay. RESULTS: CCT244747 inhibited cellular CHK1 activity (IC(50) 29-170 nmol/L), significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of several anticancer drugs, and abrogated drug-induced S and G(2) arrest in multiple tumor cell lines. Biomarkers of CHK1 (pS296 CHK1) activity and cell-cycle inactivity (pY15 CDK1) were induced by genotoxics and inhibited by CCT244747 both in vitro and in vivo, producing enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis. Active tumor concentrations of CCT244747 were obtained following oral administration. The antitumor activity of both gemcitabine and irinotecan were significantly enhanced by CCT244747 in several human tumor xenografts, giving concomitant biomarker modulation indicative of CHK1 inhibition. CCT244747 also showed marked antitumor activity as a single agent in a MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. CONCLUSION: CCT244747 represents the first structural disclosure of a highly selective, orally active CHK1 inhibitor and warrants further evaluation alone or combined with genotoxic anticancer therapies.
Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/administration & dosage , Neoplasms, Experimental , Neuroblastoma , Protein Kinases , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects , Checkpoint Kinase 1 , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neuroblastoma/drug therapy , Neuroblastoma/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinases/genetics , Protein Kinases/metabolismABSTRACT
Genotoxic antitumor agents continue to be the mainstay of current cancer chemotherapy. These drugs cause DNA damage and activate numerous cell cycle checkpoints facilitating DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Most human tumors lack functional p53 and consequently have compromised G(1)-S checkpoint control. This has led to the hypothesis that S and G(2)-M checkpoint abrogation may selectively enhance genotoxic cell killing in a p53-deficient background, as normal cells would be rescued at the G(1)-S checkpoint. CHK1 is a serine/threonine kinase associated with DNA damage-linked S and G(2)-M checkpoint control. SAR-020106 is an ATP-competitive, potent, and selective CHK1 inhibitor with an IC(50) of 13.3 nmol/L on the isolated human enzyme. This compound abrogates an etoposide-induced G(2) arrest with an IC(50) of 55 nmol/L in HT29 cells, and significantly enhances the cell killing of gemcitabine and SN38 by 3.0- to 29-fold in several colon tumor lines in vitro and in a p53-dependent fashion. Biomarker studies have shown that SAR-020106 inhibits cytotoxic drug-induced autophosphorylation of CHK1 at S296 and blocks the phosphorylation of CDK1 at Y15 in a dose-dependent fashion both in vitro and in vivo. Cytotoxic drug combinations were associated with increased gammaH2AX and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage consistent with the SAR-020106-enhanced DNA damage and tumor cell death. Irinotecan and gemcitabine antitumor activity was enhanced by SAR-020106 in vivo with minimal toxicity. SAR-020106 represents a novel class of CHK1 inhibitors that can enhance antitumor activity with selected anticancer drugs in vivo and may therefore have clinical utility.
