Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas chromatography procedures for the detection of cyanazine and metolachlor in surface water samples.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data from surface water reconnaissance were compared to data from samples analyzed by gas chromatography for the pesticide residues cyanazine (2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile) and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide). When ELISA analyses were duplicated, cyanazine and metolachlor detection was found to have highly reproducible results; adjusted R2s were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. When ELISA results for cyanazine were regressed against gas chromatography results, the models effectively predicted cyanazine concentrations from ELISA analyses (adjusted R2s ranging from 0.76 to 0.81). The intercepts and slopes for these models were not different from 0 and 1, respectively. This indicates that cyanazine analysis by ELISA is expected to give the same results as analysis by gas chromatography. However, regressing ELISA analyses for metolachlor against gas chromatography data provided more variable results (adjusted R2s ranged from 0.67 to 0.94). Regression models for metolachlor analyses had two of three intercepts that were not different from 0. Slopes for all metolachlor regression models were significantly different from 1. This indicates that as metolachlor concentrations increase, ELISA will over- or under-estimate metolachlor concentration, depending on the method of comparison. ELISA can be effectively used to detect cyanazine and metolachlor in surface water samples. However, when detections of metolachlor have significant consequences or implications it may be necessary to use other analytical methods.

Regulation of aldosteronogenesis in domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) adrenal steroidogenic cells.

The hormonal and cationic regulation of aldosterone production by freshly isolated turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) adrenal steroidogenic cells was investigated. Angiotensin II (AII), ACTH [human ACTH-(1-39)], and K+ stimulated aldosterone production in a concentration-dependent manner albeit these agents exhibited considerable differences in lag time for the significant stimulation of aldosterone production over basal production. By contrast, Ca2+ was without effect except at a high concentration (10 mM). Although ACTH was more efficacious than AII, it had about one-third the potency of AII for stimulating aldosterone production. However, ACTH potentiated the maximal aldosterone response to AII [maximal enhancement (+499%) at 3 x 10(-10) M ACTH]. Extracellular K+ was an absolute requirement for AII-induced aldosterone production (threshold concentration = 3 mM), and maximal enhancement (+200%) occurred with 5 mM (a physiological concentration). Although extracellular Ca2+ was not an absolute requirement for inducible aldosterone production, it enhanced AII-induced aldosterone production in a concentration-dependent manner [maximal enhancement (+727%) at 3 mM], albeit it did not alter the half-maximal steroidogenic concentration (EC50) of AII. Ca2+ also enhanced maximal ACTH-induced aldosterone production but to a lesser extent (+96% with 1 mM Ca2+). However, Ca2+ dramatically enhanced ACTH potency (ED50) (nearly 100 times at 1 mM Ca2+). The acute augmentation of AII-induced aldosterone production by ACTH, K+, and Ca2+ was not accompanied by increases in the cellular concentration and affinity of AII receptors, suggesting that the agents acted at intracellular loci distal to the AII receptor. Several aspects of the present study with isolated turkey adrenal steroidogenic cells differ markedly from those of studies with isolated chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) adrenal steroidogenic cells and mammalian zona glomerulosa cells, thus suggesting interclass and intraclass differences in homeothermic vertebrate adrenal steroidogenic regulation.