ABSTRACT
AIM: The aim of the study was to develop a new nano-delivery system for buccal administration of insulin. BACKGROUND: Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) had undergone countless breakthroughs in drug delivery systems. The main objective of PNPs application in delivering and carrying different promising drugs is to make sure that the drugs are being delivered to their action sites, maximizing the desired effect and overcoming their limitations and drawbacks. OBJECTIVE: The main goals of this study were to produce an insulin consumable nano-delivery system for buccal administration and enhance the mucoadhesive effect in sustaining insulin release. METHODS: Water-oil-water (W-O-W) microemulsion solvent evaporation technique was used for the preparation of nanoparticles consisting of positively charged poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) coated with chitosan and loaded with insulin. Later, a consumable buccal film was prepared by the spin coating method and loaded with the previously prepared nanoparticles. RESULTS: The newly prepared nanoparticle was assessed in terms of size, charge and surface morphology using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), zeta potential, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. An in vitro investigation of the insulin release from nanoparticles and buccal film demonstrated controlled as well as sustained delivery over 6 hrs. The cumulative insulin release decreased to about 28.9% with buccal film compared to the nanoparticle (50%). CONCLUSION: The buccal film acted as a barrier for insulin release. Therefore, the release was sustained.
Subject(s)
Insulin , Nanoparticles , Administration, Buccal , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Insulin/chemistry , Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Particle Size , Polymers , WaterABSTRACT
Two aqueous solutions on the de-mixing line in the water/benzene/ethanol system formed an O/W emulsion, when mixed. Contacting the solutions without mixing gave a slow spontaneous emulsification over several hours. The emulsion in question was found exclusively in the solution of greater water fraction and the dimension of the emulsion layer expanded as the square root of time. The reduction in the volume fraction the solution with less water was divided by the volume fraction of the emulsion, giving an - albeit exaggerated - measure of the volume fraction of the dispersed phase in the emulsion. It reached 0.6 after 1h, after which it remained constant for 3h. The composition change from the initial stage to the final equilibrium was calculated using a combination of the phase diagram features and earlier diffusion flux calculations in a similar system to estimate the fraction of the compounds transferred between the layers. These transfers were unexpectedly clear-cut, 95 wt% of the water in the less water solution was transferred into the water rich solution as was 80% of the ethanol. In the same manner 95% of the benzene in the water rich solution was relocated into the water poor solution.
ABSTRACT
Three emulsions of geranyl acetate (GA)-in-water (W) with identical GA/W ratios and varying surfactant (S), Laureth 4, a commercial C(12)EO (4) compound, fractions were investigated for nature and stability. The emulsions with up to 6% surfactant were W/O, as expected with respect to the solubility of the surfactant in the oil. At 10% surfactant, the aqueous phase became the continuous one and the apparent stability of the emulsion was significantly enhanced. Analysis of the phase diagram and experimental evidence showed the high water content emulsion to be a liquid crystal-in-water emulsion; a kind that did not change even at extreme O/W and LC/W ratios.
