Solid phase synthesis of short peptide-based multimetal tags for biomolecule labeling.

We describe an unprecedented solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of short peptide-based multimetal tags designated as elemental tags for the quantification of biomolecules via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The macrocyclic chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane N,N',N″,N‴-tetra acetic acid (DOTA) was attached to the side chain of N-α-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-l-lysine (Fmoc-Lys-OH) and metalated with a lanthanide to provide a building block for Fmoc-based SPPS. Thereby, in contrast to existing strategies for the synthesis of DOTA-peptide conjugates, an already metalated DOTA-amino acid was used as a building block for SPPS. The DOTA-lanthanide complex was stable throughout the whole SPPS, even during the final cleavage in concentrated trifluoroacetic acid. This indicates that the strategy to first metalate the Fmoc-Lys(DOTA)-OH and to utilize the metal coordination to protect the carboxyl groups of DOTA offers an alternative to conventional synthetic routes using tert-butyl protected DOTA. Several small peptides containing up to four metal ions were synthesized, among them peptides carrying defined metal sequences consisting of two different lanthanides. The peptides were N-terminally maleimide-functionalized, thus introducing a moiety for conjugation to thiol-bearing biomolecules. The final objective of this work was the signal enhancement in ICP-MS-based DNA quantification assays. To evaluate the performance of the multimetal peptide tags in assay, they were applied to label thiol-modified 15mer DNA oligonucleotide probes. These served as reporter probes in a model sandwich-type hybridization assay. Thereby, we found that the ICP-MS signal increased linearly with the number of lanthanide ions attached to the reporter probe.

DNA quantification via ICP-MS using lanthanide-labeled probes and ligation-mediated amplification.

The combination of lanthanide-tagged oligonucleotide probes with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as the detection technique is a novel labeling and analysis strategy for heterogeneous nucleic acid quantification assays. We describe a hybridization assay based on biotin-streptavidin affinity using lanthanide-labeled reporter probes and biotinylated capture probes. For the basic sandwich type assay, performed in streptavidin-coated microtitration wells, the limit of detection (LOD) was 7.2 fmol of DNA target, corresponding to a final concentration of 6 pM terbium-labeled probes detectable by ICP-MS after elution from the solid support. To improve the sensitivity and sequence specificity of the approach, it was combined with established molecular biological techniques, i.e., elution with a restriction endonuclease and signal and target amplification by the ligase detection reaction (LDR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR), respectively. Initial experiments showed that the enzymes facilitated the discrimination of single-base mismatches within the recognition or ligation site. Furthermore, LCR as a target amplification step resulted in a 6000-fold increase of sensitivity, and finally an LOD of 2.6 amol was achieved with an artificial double-stranded DNA target.