Unraveling the Nature of Sites Active toward Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction in Fe-N-C Catalysts.

Fe-N-C catalysts with high O2 reduction performance are crucial for displacing Pt in low-temperature fuel cells. However, insufficient understanding of which reaction steps are catalyzed by what sites limits their progress. The nature of sites were investigated that are active toward H2 O2 reduction, a key intermediate during indirect O2 reduction and a source of deactivation in fuel cells. Catalysts comprising different relative contents of FeNx Cy moieties and Fe particles encapsulated in N-doped carbon layers (0-100 %) show that both types of sites are active, although moderately, toward H2 O2 reduction. In contrast, N-doped carbons free of Fe and Fe particles exposed to the electrolyte are inactive. When catalyzing the ORR, FeNx Cy moieties are more selective than Fe particles encapsulated in N-doped carbon. These novel insights offer rational approaches for more selective and therefore more durable Fe-N-C catalysts.

Organic Radical-Assisted Electrochemical Exfoliation for the Scalable Production of High-Quality Graphene.

Despite the intensive research efforts devoted to graphene fabrication over the past decade, the production of high-quality graphene on a large scale, at an affordable cost, and in a reproducible manner still represents a great challenge. Here, we report a novel method based on the controlled electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in aqueous ammonium sulfate electrolyte to produce graphene in large quantities and with outstanding quality. Because the radicals (e.g., HO(•)) generated from water electrolysis are responsible for defect formation on graphene during electrochemical exfoliation, a series of reducing agents as additives (e.g., (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), ascorbic acid, and sodium borohydride) have been investigated to eliminate these radicals and thus control the exfoliation process. Remarkably, TEMPO-assisted exfoliation results in large graphene sheets (5-10 µm on average), which exhibit outstanding hole mobilities (∼405 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)), very low Raman I(D)/I(G) ratios (below 0.1), and extremely high carbon to oxygen (C/O) ratios (∼25.3). Moreover, the graphene ink prepared in dimethylformamide can exhibit concentrations as high as 6 mg mL(-1), thus qualifying this material for intriguing applications such as transparent conductive films and flexible supercapacitors. In general, this robust method for electrochemical exfoliation of graphite offers great promise for the preparation of graphene that can be utilized in industrial applications to create integrated nanocomposites, conductive or mechanical additives, as well as energy storage and conversion devices.

On-Surface Synthesis of BN-Substituted Heteroaromatic Networks.

We report on the bottom-up fabrication of BN-substituted heteroaromatic networks achieved by surface-assisted polymerization and subsequent cyclodehydrogenation of specifically designed BN-substituted precursor monomers based on a borazine core structural element. To get insight into the cyclodehydrogenation pathway and the influence of molecular flexibility on network quality, two closely related precursor monomers with different degrees of internal cyclodehydrogenation have been employed. Scanning tunneling microscopy shows that, for both monomers, surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation allows for complete monomer cyclization and the formation of covalently interlinked BN-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbon networks on the Ag(111) surface. In agreement with experimental observations, density functional theory calculations reveal a significantly lower energy barrier for the cyclodehydrogenation of the conformationally more rigid precursor monomer, which is also reflected in a higher degree of long-range order of the obtained heteroaromatic network. Our proof-of-concept study will allow for the fabrication of atomically precise substitution patterns within BNC heterostructures.

Molecular metal-Nx centres in porous carbon for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Replacement of precious platinum with efficient and low-cost catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution at low overpotentials holds tremendous promise for clean energy devices. Here we report a novel type of robust cobalt-nitrogen/carbon catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) that is prepared by the pyrolysis of cobalt-N4 macrocycles or cobalt/o-phenylenediamine composites and using silica colloids as a hard template. We identify the well-dispersed molecular CoNx sites on the carbon support as the active sites responsible for the HER. The CoNx/C catalyst exhibits extremely high turnover frequencies per cobalt site in acids, for example, 0.39 and 6.5 s(-1) at an overpotential of 100 and 200 mV, respectively, which are higher than those reported for other scalable non-precious metal HER catalysts. Our results suggest the great promise of developing new families of non-precious metal HER catalysts based on the controlled conversion of homogeneous metal complexes into solid-state carbon catalysts via economically scalable protocols.

Hierarchically porous carbons with optimized nitrogen doping as highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction.

Development of efficient, low-cost and stable electrocatalysts as the alternative to platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction is of significance for many important electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, metal-air batteries and chlor-alkali electrolysers. Here we report a highly active nitrogen-doped, carbon-based, metal-free oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalyst, prepared by a hard-templating synthesis, for which nitrogen-enriched aromatic polymers and colloidal silica are used as precursor and template, respectively, followed by ammonia activation. Our protocol allows for the simultaneous optimization of both porous structures and surface functionalities of nitrogen-doped carbons. Accordingly, the prepared catalysts show the highest oxygen reduction reaction activity (half-wave potential of 0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode with a low loading of 0.1 mg cm(-2)) in alkaline media among all reported metal-free catalysts. Significantly, when used for constructing the air electrode of zinc-air battery, our metal-free catalyst outperforms the state-of the-art platinum-based catalyst.