ABSTRACT
Down syndrome (trisomy 21) neurons display an increased rate of apoptosis in vitro. The genes on chromosome 21 that mediate this increased cell death remain to be elucidated. Here we show that the chromosome 21 transcription factor Ets2, a gene that is overexpressed in Down syndrome, is expressed in neurons, and that moderate overexpression of Ets2 leads to increased apoptosis of primary neuronal cultures from Ets2 tg mice that involves activation of caspase-3. Our data therefore suggest that overexpression of ETS2 may contribute to the increased rate of apoptosis of neurons in Down syndrome.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins , Down Syndrome/genetics , Neurons/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics , Repressor Proteins , Trans-Activators/genetics , Transcription Factors , Animals , Annexin A5/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Brain/physiopathology , Caspase 3 , Caspases/metabolism , Cells, Cultured , Down Syndrome/metabolism , Fetus , Gene Expression Regulation/genetics , Humans , Mice , Mice, Transgenic , Neurodegenerative Diseases/genetics , Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism , Neurons/pathology , Proto-Oncogene Protein c-ets-2 , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Up-Regulation/geneticsABSTRACT
The gene that codes for beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP), a protein centrally involved in senile plaque formation in Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), is located on chromosome 21. In DS beta-APP expression is three- to fourfold higher than what is expected from the 1.5-fold increased gene load, suggesting that other genes on chromosome 21 directly or indirectly can further up-regulate beta-APP. Here we show that the chromosome 21 transcription factor ETS2 transactivates the beta-APP gene via specific Ets binding sites in the beta-APP promoter and, in this respect, cooperates with the transcription factor complex AP1. We further show that brains and primary neuronal cultures from Ets2 transgenic mice, as well as 3T3 fibroblasts that overexpress ETS2, display molecular abnormalities also seen in DS, such as elevated expression of beta-APP protein, an increase in presenilin-1 and increased beta-amyloid production. We conclude that ETS2 is a transcriptional regulator of beta-APP and that overexpression of ETS2 in DS may play a role in the pathogenesis of the brain abnormalities in DS and possibly AD.
