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1.
J Psychol ; 157(6): 367-388, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37437163

ABSTRACT

Instagram is increasingly used in advertising, yet little is known about the unintended consequences of Instagram advertising on women's and girls' body image. Also largely unexplored is if and how curvy models (large breasts and buttocks, wide hips, and small waist) used in this advertising affect women's and girls' body image. We drew on social comparison and cultivation theories to explore if exposure to thin and curvy models through Instagram advertising is associated with late-adolescent girls' willingness to take action to be thinner or curvier, respectively. Two mediation models examined the mechanisms through which any such effects occur. A sample of 284 17-19 year old girls completed self-administered online questionnaires. Results revealed that exposure to thin and curvy models was positively associated with willingness to take action to be thinner and curvier, respectively. These associations were mediated by thin/curvy body preference (model 1), and by thin/curvy body preference, upward physical appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction (model 2). Results suggest that although exposure to different body types may be associated with different types of unhealthy (body-altering) actions, the processes underlying these effects are similar. This research highlights possible cultural shifts toward more diverse body ideals and informs tailored body concern interventions and media literacy programs.

2.
Yeast ; 38(1): 30-38, 2021 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33350501

ABSTRACT

A subset of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in a stationary phase culture achieve a unique quiescent state characterized by increased cell density, stress tolerance, and longevity. Trehalose accumulation is necessary but not sufficient for conferring this state, and it is not recapitulated by abrupt starvation. The fraction of cells that achieve this state varies widely in haploids and diploids and can approach 100%, indicating that both mother and daughter cells can enter quiescence. The transition begins when about half the glucose has been taken up from the medium. The high affinity glucose transporters are turned on, glycogen storage begins, the Rim15 kinase enters the nucleus and the accumulation of cells in G1 is initiated. After the diauxic shift (DS), when glucose is exhausted from the medium, growth promoting genes are repressed by the recruitment of the histone deacetylase Rpd3 by quiescence-specific repressors. The final division that takes place post-DS is highly asymmetrical and G1 arrest is complete after 48 h. The timing of these events can vary considerably, but they are tightly correlated with total biomass of the culture, suggesting that the transition to quiescence is tightly linked to changes in external glucose levels. After 7 days in culture, there are massive morphological changes at the protein and organelle level. There are global changes in histone modification. An extensive array of condensin-dependent, long-range chromatin interactions lead to genome-wide chromatin compaction that is conserved in yeast and human cells. These interactions are required for the global transcriptional repression that occurs in quiescent yeast.


Subject(s)
Resting Phase, Cell Cycle , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/physiology , Saccharomycetales/genetics , Saccharomycetales/physiology , Adenosine Triphosphatases/genetics , Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism , Cell Division/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal , Genome, Fungal , Glucose/metabolism , Histone Code , Multiprotein Complexes/genetics , Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism , Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/genetics , Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/physiology , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/growth & development , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics , Transcription, Genetic
3.
Body Image ; 34: 259-269, 2020 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32717627

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates a brief intervention aimed at improving body image. The intervention comprised a Mindful Self-Compassion workshop complemented by a group discussion on Facebook. Young women (Mage = 18.31), screened for body concerns, were allocated by university campus to a 50-minute workshop intervention (n = 42) or a waitlist control (n = 34). Following the workshop, participants in the intervention group utilized self-compassion techniques when experiencing appearance distress and posted about their experiences on a private Facebook group three times per week for two weeks. Findings showed that, relative to control, the intervention group experienced lower upward appearance comparison, social appearance anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness, and higher body appreciation and self-compassion, at posttest and 1-month follow-up. All effects, except those for body dissatisfaction, were held at 3-month follow-up. Additionally, common humanity predicted gains in body appreciation from pretest to posttest. The Mindful Self-Compassion intervention involving a Facebook group may have resonated with young women as it allowed them to share moments of self-compassionate body image experiences in a private and supportive environment.


Subject(s)
Body Image/psychology , Empathy , Mindfulness/methods , Self Concept , Social Media , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Young Adult
4.
Omega (Westport) ; 80(4): 592-614, 2020 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29357754

ABSTRACT

This study examined whether attitudes toward euthanasia vary with type of illness and with the source of the desire to end the patient's life. The study used a 3 (illness type: cancer, schizophrenia, depression) × 2 (euthanasia type: patient-initiated, family-initiated) between-groups experimental design. An online questionnaire was administered to 324 employees and students from a Australian public university following random assignment of participants to one of the six vignette-based conditions. Attitudes toward euthanasia were more positive for patients with a physical illness than a mental illness. For a patient with cancer or depression, but not schizophrenia, approval was greater for patient-, than, family-, initiated euthanasia. Relationships between illness type and attitudes were mediated by perceptions of patient autonomy and illness controllability. Findings have implications for debate, practices, and legislation regarding euthanasia.


Subject(s)
Euthanasia , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Mental Disorders/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Australia , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young Adult
5.
J Toxicol Environ Health A ; 82(20): 1076-1087, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31797748

ABSTRACT

Contaminated marine bathing water has been reported to adversely affect human health. Our data demonstrated a correlation between total endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) levels and degree of contamination of marine bathing waters. To assess the potential health implications of LPS present in marine bathing waters, the inflammation-inducing potency of water samples collected at different time points at multiple sampling sites were assessed using a cell culture-based assay. The numbers of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were also examined in the same samples. Water samples were used to stimulate two cell culture models: (1) a novel non-transformed continuously growing murine cell line Max Plank Institute (MPI) characteristic of alveolar macrophages and (2) human MonoMac 6 monocyte cell line. The inflammatory potential of the samples was assessed by measuring the release of inflammatory cytokines. The presence of high levels of LPS in contaminated bathing water led to induction of inflammatory response from our in vitro cell-based bioassays suggesting its potential health impact. This finding introduces an in vitro culture assay that reflects the level of LPS in water samples. These observations further promote previous finding that LPS is a reliable surrogate biomarker for fecal contamination of bathing water.


Subject(s)
Cytokines/immunology , Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects , Macrophages/microbiology , Seawater/microbiology , Water Pollution/adverse effects , Animals , Bathing Beaches , Cell Line , England , Environmental Monitoring , Humans , Mice , Water Microbiology
6.
Body Image ; 23: 206-213, 2017 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29198366

ABSTRACT

This study investigated whether single-session self-compassion and self-esteem writing tasks ameliorate the body image concerns evoked by a negative body image induction. Ninety-six female university students aged 17-25 years (Mage=19.45, SD=1.84) were randomly assigned to one of three writing treatment groups: self-compassion, self-esteem, or control. After reading a negative body image scenario, participants completed scales measuring state body appreciation, body satisfaction, and appearance anxiety. They then undertook the assigned writing task, and completed the three measures again, both immediately post-treatment and at 2-week follow-up. The self-compassion writing group showed higher post-treatment body appreciation than the self-esteem and control groups, and higher body appreciation than the control group at follow-up. At post-treatment and follow-up, self-compassion and self-esteem writing showed higher body satisfaction than the control. The groups did not differ on appearance anxiety. Writing-based interventions, especially those that enhance self-compassion, may help alleviate certain body image concerns.


Subject(s)
Body Image/psychology , Empathy , Psychotherapy/methods , Self Concept , Writing , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
7.
BMJ Open ; 7(7): e015161, 2017 Jul 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28729312

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Policies internationally endorse the recovery paradigm as the appropriate foundation for youth mental health services. However, given that this paradigm is grounded in the views of adults with severe mental illness, applicability to youth services and relevance to young people is uncertain, particularly as little is known about young people's views. A comprehensive understanding of the experiences and expectations of young people is critical to developing youth mental health services that are acceptable, accessible, effective and relevant. AIM: To inform development of policy and youth services, the study described in this protocol aims to develop a comprehensive account of the experiences and expectations of 12-17 year olds as they encounter mental disorders and transition through specialist mental health services. Data will be analysed to model recovery from the adolescents' perspective. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: This grounded theory study will use quantitative and qualitative data collected in interviews with 12-17 year olds engaged with specialist Child/Youth Mental Health Service in Queensland, Australia. Interviews will explore adolescents' expectations and experiences of mental disorder, and of services, as they transition through specialist mental health services, including the meaning of their experiences and ideas of 'recovery' and how their experiences and expectations are shaped. Data collection and analysis will use grounded theory methods. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Adolescents' experiences will be presented as a mid-range theory. The research will provide tangible recommendations for youth-focused mental health policy and practice. Findings will be disseminated within academic literature and beyond to participants, health professionals, mental health advocacy groups and policy and decision makers via publications, research summaries, conferences and workshops targeting different audiences. Ethical and research governance approvals have been obtained from relevant Human Research Ethics committees and all sites involved.


Subject(s)
Adolescent Health Services/standards , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Mental Health Services/standards , Adolescent , Child , Female , Grounded Theory , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Queensland , Research Design
8.
J Adolesc ; 54: 82-93, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27893993

ABSTRACT

Many adolescents feel they are subjected to acts of discrimination. Research shows that discrimination is associated with adverse outcomes including poor psychological adjustment, school adjustment, and academic achievement. This study investigated alternative pathways through which discrimination affects adolescents' academic achievement. A sample of 244 Year 7-10 Australian secondary school students (65% male; Mage = 13.6 years; SD = 1.24) completed questionnaires measuring discrimination, psychological adjustment, and sense of school membership. Both at the time of questionnaire completion and one semester later, absenteeism data, teacher ratings of classroom behavior, and academic grades were retrieved from school records. The fit of four competing structural models were compared. In the best fitting model, the effects of prior discrimination on academic achievement one semester later were serially mediated, first through psychological adjustment, and then through school adjustment. By elucidating these mechanisms, the study informs theory and practice regarding the effects of discrimination on adolescents.


Subject(s)
Educational Status , Emotional Adjustment , Social Adjustment , Social Discrimination/psychology , Students/psychology , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Theoretical , Schools , Surveys and Questionnaires
9.
Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth ; 20(4): 283-288, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27821786

ABSTRACT

Surgical treatment of aortic arch disease is a technically challenging procedure that requires complex circulation management strategies involving the use of hypothermic circulatory arrest. The definition of hypothermia has evolved with comfort and surgical adjuncts. This review describes the various circulation and temperature management strategies used during hemiarch and total arch replacement.


Subject(s)
Aorta, Thoracic/surgery , Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced/methods , Vascular Surgical Procedures/methods , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Humans , Temperature
10.
J Nurs Manag ; 23(5): 557-66, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24224853

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study examined factors influencing personal care workers' intentions to stay or leave Australian aged care employment - especially for older workers. BACKGROUND: Retention of personal care workers is particularly important in aged care as they provide the majority of the direct care via community aged care or long-term aged care environments. However, there is limited research on what drives their turnover and retention. METHOD: A survey was conducted during 2012 collecting 206 responses from workers within community and long-term aged care in four organisations in Australia. RESULT: Perceived supervisor support, on-the-job embeddedness and area of employment were identified as predictors of both intention to stay and to leave, although the relationship strength differed. Community care workers were more likely to stay and reported more supervisor support than long-term care workers. Unexpectedly, age and health status were not predictors of staying or leaving. CONCLUSION: While there are similarities between retention and turnover motivators, there are also differences. Within a global context of health worker shortages, such new knowledge is keenly sought to enhance organisational effectiveness and sustain the provision of quality aged care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Retention strategies for older workers should involve increasing supervisor support, and seeking to embed workers more fully within their organisation.


Subject(s)
Community Health Services , Health Services for the Aged , Homes for the Aged , Nursing Assistants/statistics & numerical data , Personnel Turnover , Workplace , Adult , Aged , Female , Health Services Needs and Demand , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Queensland , Surveys and Questionnaires , Workforce
11.
Accid Anal Prev ; 70: 245-57, 2014 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24831269

ABSTRACT

Reckless driving is a major contributing factor to road morbidity and mortality. While further research into the nature and impact of reckless driving, particularly among young people, is urgently needed, the measurement of reckless driving behaviour also requires increased attention. Three major shortcomings apparent in established measures of driver behaviour are that they do not target the full range of reckless driving behaviours, they measure characteristics other than driving behaviours, and/or they fail to categorise and label reckless driver behaviour based on characteristics of the behaviours themselves. To combat these shortcomings, this paper reports the development and preliminary validation of a new measure of reckless driving behaviour for young drivers. Exploratory factor analysis of self-reported driving data revealed four, conceptually distinct categories of reckless driving behaviour: those that increase crash-risk due to (a) distractions or deficits in perception, attention or reaction time (labelled "distracted"), (b) driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol (labelled "substance-use"), (c) placing the vehicle in an unsafe environment beyond its design expectations (labelled "extreme"), and (d) speed and positioning of the vehicle relative to other vehicles and objects (labelled "positioning"). Confirmatory factor analysis of data collected from a separate, community sample confirmed this four-factor structure. Multiple regression analyses found differences in the demographic and psychological variables related to these four factors, suggesting that interventions in one reckless driving domain may not be helpful in others.


Subject(s)
Automobile Driving/psychology , Dangerous Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Statistical , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Self Report , Young Adult
12.
J Water Health ; 12(1): 105-12, 2014 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24642437

ABSTRACT

The use of total lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a rapid biomarker for bacterial pollution was investigated at a bathing and surfing beach during the UK bathing season. The levels of faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), the Gram-positive enterococci, and organisms commonly associated with faecal material, such as total coliforms and Bacteroides, were culturally monitored over four months to include a period of heavy rainfall and concomitant pollution. Endotoxin measurement was performed using a kinetic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay and found to correlate well with all indicators. Levels of LPS in excess of 50 Endotoxin Units (EU) mL(-1) were found to correlate with water that was unsuitable for bathing under the current European regulations. Increases in total LPS, mainly from Gram-negative indicator bacteria, are thus a potential real-time, qualitative method for testing bacterial quality of bathing waters.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bathing Beaches , Biomarkers/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Feces/microbiology , Lipopolysaccharides/analysis , Seawater/microbiology , Water Microbiology , United Kingdom
13.
Mol Biol Cell ; 24(23): 3697-709, 2013 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24088570

ABSTRACT

Yeast that naturally exhaust the glucose from their environment differentiate into three distinct cell types distinguishable by flow cytometry. Among these is a quiescent (Q) population, which is so named because of its uniform but readily reversed G1 arrest, its fortified cell walls, heat tolerance, and longevity. Daughter cells predominate in Q-cell populations and are the longest lived. The events that differentiate Q cells from nonquiescent (nonQ) cells are initiated within hours of the diauxic shift, when cells have scavenged all the glucose from the media. These include highly asymmetric cell divisions, which give rise to very small daughter cells. These daughters modify their cell walls by Sed1- and Ecm33-dependent and dithiothreitol-sensitive mechanisms that enhance Q-cell thermotolerance. Ssd1 speeds Q-cell wall assembly and enables mother cells to enter this state. Ssd1 and the related mRNA-binding protein Mpt5 play critical overlapping roles in Q-cell formation and longevity. These proteins deliver mRNAs to P-bodies, and at least one P-body component, Lsm1, also plays a unique role in Q-cell longevity. Cells lacking Lsm1 and Ssd1 or Mpt5 lose viability under these conditions and fail to enter the quiescent state. We conclude that posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs plays a crucial role in the transition in and out of quiescence.


Subject(s)
Cell Cycle , Saccharomycetales/cytology , Saccharomycetales/growth & development , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Transcription, Genetic , Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Asymmetric Cell Division/drug effects , Carbon/pharmacology , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Cycle/genetics , Cell Wall/drug effects , Cell Wall/metabolism , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Flow Cytometry , Inheritance Patterns/genetics , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism , Saccharomycetales/drug effects , Saccharomycetales/metabolism , Temperature , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
14.
Trop Anim Health Prod ; 45(3): 829-36, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23132133

ABSTRACT

An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the Mycobacterium bovis strains causing bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in North West Cameroon. Suspected TB lesions from slaughtered cattle were cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7 H9 media to isolate mycobacteria agents for molecular genotyping using deletion analysis and spoligotyping. PCR-based genomic deletion typing showed that 54 of 103 tubercle bacilli isolated from cattle tissue were M. bovis strains and the African 1 clonal complex was widespread in affected cattle. Spoligotyping analysis revealed a closely related group of five M. bovis strains. SB0953, the dominant spoligotype pattern, and four new patterns identified as SB2161, SB2162, SB2663 and SB2664 according to the www.Mbovis.org international spoligotype database were identified. These spoligotypes were similar to other M. bovis strains recovered from bordering regions and other parts of Africa. The findings provided useful facts on the zoonotic risks of bovine TB and overwhelming evidence of the significance of M. bovis infection to human TB in the North West Region of Cameroon. The study revealed that bovine TB was widespread in cattle destined for human consumption and also has important implications for the control of TB in animals and humans in Cameroon.


Subject(s)
Mycobacterium bovis/classification , Mycobacterium bovis/genetics , Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology , Animals , Bacterial Typing Techniques/veterinary , Cameroon/epidemiology , Cattle , Molecular Typing/veterinary , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification , Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology , Tuberculosis, Bovine/pathology
15.
J Adolesc ; 35(5): 1167-76, 2012 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22503076

ABSTRACT

Leisure provides the context for much of adolescent behaviour and development. While both theory and research point to the benefits of participation in leisure activities that are highly structured, the association between structured leisure and psychosocial adjustment is not uniformly high. This paper presents a model of adolescent leisure comprising three dimensions: structure, effort, and social contact. Adolescent adjustment is hypothesized to increase with participation in activities characterized by each of these attributes. Adjustment is also predicted to vary with gender, and with the interaction of gender and leisure participation. These propositions were tested in a questionnaire-based study of 433 Australian adolescents. Results revealed majority support for hypotheses pertaining to the positive effects of the leisure dimensions, and for gender differences in leisure participation and adjustment. Evidence was also obtained of gender-differentiated effects of leisure on adjustment, with social leisure predicting adjustment more strongly in females than males.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent Behavior , Leisure Activities/psychology , Social Adjustment , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Parent-Child Relations , Peer Group , Sex Factors
16.
Biofouling ; 27(10): 1161-74, 2011 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22117115

ABSTRACT

Water distribution systems (WDS) are composed of a variety of materials and may harbour potential pathogens within surface-attached microbial biofilms. Biofilm formation on four plumbing materials, viz. copper, stainless steel 316 (SS316), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM)/confocal microscopy, ATP-/culture-based analysis, and molecular analysis. Material 'inserts' were incorporated into a mains water fed, model WDS. All materials supported biofilm growth to various degrees. After 84 days, copper and SS316 showed no significant overall differences in terms of the level of biofilm formation observed, whilst PEX supported a significantly higher level of biofilm. EPDM exhibited gross contamination by a complex, multispecies biofilm, at a level significantly higher than was observed on the other materials, regardless of the analytical method used. PCR-DGGE analysis showed clear differences in the composition of the biofilm community on all materials after 84 days. The primary conclusion of this study has been to identify EPDM as a potentially unsuitable material for use as a major component in WDS.


Subject(s)
Biofilms/growth & development , Sanitary Engineering/instrumentation , Water Microbiology , Water Supply , Copper/chemistry , Elastomers/chemistry , Ethylenes/chemistry , Polyethylene/chemistry , Stainless Steel/chemistry , Surface Properties , Temperature
17.
J Psychol ; 144(2): 97-119, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20307018

ABSTRACT

Past theory and research indicate that conditions of work can have lasting effects on job incumbents. R. A. Karasek and T. Theorell (1990), for example, proposed that workers' feelings of mastery increase with levels of job demands and job control, and that these effects are mediated by the process of active learning. To test these propositions, 657 school teachers completed scales assessing job demands, control, active learning, and mastery on 2 occasions, 8 months apart. As hypothesized, job control predicted change in mastery, an effect that was mediated by active learning. Job demands had a weaker effect on change in mastery. The demands-mastery relationship was moderated by job control, so that under conditions of high control, but not low control, increasing job demands were associated with gains in mastery. The findings partially support R. A. Karasek and T. Theorell's (1990) predictions regarding the main, interactive, and mediated effects of job conditions on employee mastery.


Subject(s)
Achievement , Career Mobility , Employment/psychology , Internal-External Control , Adult , Female , Humans , Inservice Training , Job Satisfaction , Male , Middle Aged , Queensland , Social Environment , Social Responsibility , Surveys and Questionnaires , Teaching , Workload/psychology , Young Adult
18.
J Soc Psychol ; 148(1): 105-26, 2008 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18476486

ABSTRACT

Emerging adults--people aged 18-25 years--frequently behave recklessly. This study sheds light on the role of 4 psychosocial predictors of recklessness: (a) impulsivity, (b) peer pressure, (c) perceived risk, and (d) perceived benefits. The authors obtained self-report data from 208 emerging adults. All predictors were significantly correlated, in the expected directions, with 3 forms of reckless behavior: (a) reckless substance use, (b) reckless driving, and (c) reckless sexual behavior. Regression analyses revealed that, controlling for gender, relationship status, and social desirability, impulsivity predicted reckless substance use and sexual practices, peer pressure predicted reckless substance use, perceived risk predicted reckless driving, and perceived benefits predicted all three recklessness types. The authors' psychosocial model of emerging adult recklessness gained additional support from the finding that all 4 predictors explained unique variance in overall recklessness.


Subject(s)
Impulsive Behavior/diagnosis , Models, Psychological , Risk-Taking , Social Behavior , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Peer Group , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires
19.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 72(10): 6508-13, 2006 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17021199

ABSTRACT

We compared induction of the viable-but-nonculturable (VBNC) state in two Vibrio spp. isolated from diseased corals by starving the cells and maintaining them in artificial seawater at 4 and 20 degrees C. In Vibrio tasmaniensis, isolated from a gorgonian octocoral growing in cool temperate water (7 to 17 degrees C), the VBNC state was not induced by incubation at 4 degrees C after 157 days. By contrast, Vibrio shiloi, isolated from a coral in warmer water (16 to 30 degrees C), was induced into the VBNC state by incubation at 4 degrees C after 126 days. This result is consistent with reports of low-temperature induction in several Vibrio spp. A large proportion of the V. tasmaniensis population became VBNC after incubation for 157 days at 20 degrees C, and V. shiloi became VBNC after incubation for 126 days at 20 degrees C. Resuscitation of V. shiloi cells from cultures at both temperatures was achieved by nutrient addition, suggesting that starvation plays a major role in inducing the VBNC state. Our results suggest that viable V. shiloi could successfully persist in the VBNC state in seawater for significant periods at the lower temperatures that may be experienced in winter conditions, which may have an effect on the seasonal incidence of coral bleaching. For both species, electron microscopy revealed that prolonged starvation resulted in transformation of the cells from rods to cocci, together with profuse blebbing, production of a polymer-like substance, and increased membrane roughness. V. shiloi cells developed an increased periplasmic space and membrane curling; these features were absent in V. tasmaniensis.


Subject(s)
Anthozoa/microbiology , Vibrio/physiology , Water Microbiology , Animals , Culture Media , Starvation , Temperature , Vibrio/cytology , Vibrio/isolation & purification
20.
Br J Health Psychol ; 9(Pt 2): 137-61, 2004 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15125801

ABSTRACT

Past research into the effects of hardiness on stress and health has yielded inconsistent findings, possibly because of a failure to acknowledge the influence of variables such as negative affectivity and gender. This study examined the main, moderating and mediating effects of hardiness in a sample of 130 (50 male, 80 female) randomly selected university staff members. Controlling for negative affectivity, limited evidence was obtained for the direct effects of hardiness on stress and illness. Kobasa's (1979) model that hardiness buffers the effects of stress on illness was supported for males, but not for females. The hypothesis that approach and avoidance coping mediate the hardiness-illness relationship was not supported for either sex, although there was evidence that relative coping mediated this relationship in females. Collectively, the results point to a need to reconsider the conceptualization and measurement of hardiness.


Subject(s)
Health Status , Personality , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Affect , Australia/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Multivariate Analysis , Neurotic Disorders/complications , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Sex Factors
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